Resilient Infrastructure Training

MODULE 01
Introduction to Disaster Risk Management

• Introduction and background.

• Important terms used in DRM and its definition.
• DRM and its components.
• Importance of shifting focus from ‘relief’ to ‘preventive risk’.
• Government of Afghanistan National Policy (institutional
framework) on DRM and Community Based DRM Training.
• How thru working within the CDCs we can incorporate DRM
into development programming and contribute to the GoA
National Priority Programs DRM mandate.

2
Module 01 - Primary Training Objectives
Trainee Notes
 Introduction to:

 Disaster Risk Management (DRM)

 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

 Disaster Risk Transfer

 Community based strategies

 The GeoNode Platform

 Afghan Regional Disaster Risks

 Resilient Infrastructure

3
Pre-Training Survey

• What type of natural disasters have you experienced?

• Have you attended DRM training before?
• What are your roles / responsibilities at the IDLG or MRRD?
• How many years have you worked at the IDLG or MRRD?
• Have you ever designed, built or maintained a building, road, or other
physical structure? If yes, please explain.
• Have you ever worked with or trained a CDC or Shura?
• What is your preferred language of instruction?

4
 Important terms used in DRM and the definitions.

• Introduction to DRM Terminologies by

Maiwand Rohini

5
Module 01 – Types of Hazards in Afghanistan
Trainee Notes
• Since 1980, intense and recurring natural hazards,
including earthquakes, floods, rock falls, landslides,
avalanches and droughts caused disasters affecting 9
million people with over 20,000 fatalities in
Afghanistan.

Hazard Impact: While earthquakes cause the highest loss of

life, drought affects the most people and flooding causes the
most economic damage. 6
 Module 01 – Disaster Example (Earthquake)
Trainee Notes

• Certain regions in Afghanistan are more susceptible to the

earthquakes than others (Hindu Kush). Communities need
to understand the risks involved in living in earthquake
zones.
• Do you live in the earthquake prone region?
7
 Module 01 – Disaster Example (Flood)
Trainee Notes

• Kabul flooding: the impact of urban floods are distinctive in

more populated areas resulting in potential bigger loss. Poorly
planned and mismanaged urbanization results in bigger
disasters.
• What is the reason water above does not drain properly?
8
Module 01 – Disaster Example (Drought)
Trainee Notes

• Global climate change increases cases of drought throughout

central Asia. Communities need to plan for drought by having
redundant water sources including water catchment systems,
wells, reservoirs, pipeline projects, aqueducts and karez wells.
• Can you name the irrigation source above?
9
Module 01 – Disaster Example (Landslide and
Rock Falls) Trainee Notes

• Landslide hazard level depends on triggers and susceptibility

and vulnerable elements at risk. The triggers can be
precipitation, earthquakes etc. The susceptibility can involve
topography, vegetation cover or soil moisture.
• How is damaged road making people more vulnerable?
10
Module 01 – Disaster Example (Avalanche)
Trainee Notes

• Avalanches hazards are driven in large part by topography and

elevation and are therefore located in the mountainous regions.
Badakhshan, Kabul, and Daykundi provinces have the greatest
number of people and GDP affected by avalanches.
• Can you mark the direction of the avalanche from the photo above?
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Module 01 – Disaster Types Quiz
Trainee Notes

• Have you or your family ever experienced a natural

disaster, such as an avalanche, flood, drought,
earthquake, landslide or rock falls? If yes, please
describe.

• What were the local, provincial and national

authorities doing before, during and after the
disaster?
• What do you think is the highest disaster hazard in
your region?

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Module 01 – Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
Trainee Notes

Ex Ante
 Risk Identification
Actions
 Risk Reduction
 Risk Transfer

Prior
 Preparedness

 Recovery During &

 Relief After
 Rehabilitation

• Schematic diagram of the typical DRM cycle. Different

DRM phases and their elements are discussed on the
slides to follow (Ex Ante = Forecasting)
13
Module 01 – Disaster Risk Identification
Trainee Notes
Risk is a forward looking concept, so disaster risk can
be understood as the likelihood (or probability) of loss
of life, injury or destruction and damage from a
disaster in a given period of time.
Disaster risk reduction begins with disaster risk
identification or identifying the exposure and
vulnerability of:
• people or assets that are linked to their
geographical location,
• the structure of the built and natural environment,
• operational and institutional arrangements, and
• management of the fiscal impacts of natural
hazards.

14
Module 01 - Disaster Risk to
Introduction Reduction
Disaster (DRR)
Risk
Reduction Trainee Notes
• Disaster Risk Reduction measures aim at increasing
the resilience of individuals and communities to
hazard effects.

• Activities include raising awareness of hazards and

vulnerabilities and helping to establish community
and mutual assistance networks and programs.

• Activities that help build individual and community

hazard resilience require a parallel strengthening of
the capacity at the provincial level to anticipate and
respond to future extreme events.

• Failure at the national level can render many

community initiatives null.

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Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes

• Mitigating earthquake hazard within the power sector

can include placing utilities underground (Kabul).
• What is the way power cables are installed in your area
– hung overhead on poles or set under ground?
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Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes

• Structural risk reduction measures can include local building

solutions that are intended to mitigate loss in the event of
flooding (Bamyan Province).
• What is the name of the structural feature on the picture? 17
Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes

• Erosion control can reduce land slides. Community

replanting programs are an effective way to mitigate erosion
and ultimately landslides.
• How will trees planted on the picture help prevent erosion?
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Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes

• Avalanche control techniques can include simple

fencing measures intended to prevent the release of
snow and subsequent avalanches.
• Have you noticed these structures while traveling?
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 Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes

• There are many examples of effective steel netting that can

prevent from rock fall on the roads in Badakhshan
Province.
• What are the dimensions for the cross section of the
typical steel profile on the picture? 20
 Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction
Trainee Notes
• Non structural measures can also include
Environmental and Social Management Plans
(ESMPs) that should provide guidelines for selecting
building site locations, good ESS practices during
construction as well as Operation and Maintenance
phase recommendations.

• Environmental and Social Management Plans should

be incorporated in any infrastructure project design
to identify potential ESS risks for the projects and
recommend management and mitigation measures
on environmental and social aspects before, during
and after the project implementation.

• Have you had experience using ESMP?

21
Module 01 - Disaster Risk Reduction Quiz
Trainee Notes
• What are the non-structural DRR
measures?
• Give examples of structural DRR
measures.
• What are the three DRM phases?

22
Disaster Risk Transfer and Community
Based DRM

• Introduction to Disaster Risk Transfer and

Community Based DRM

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Afghanistan Institutional Framework of
Disaster Management
Apex
(NDMC)

National Coordination
Funding (ANDMA, IOs)

National Lead
Ministries, ARCS, NGOs
Provincial Governor's Office
(PDMC's, Line Ministry Offices)
District Governor's Office (DDMCs,
District Development Assembly)
Local Level Implementing Partners ( CDCs, CBOs,
Schools, Hospitals and Shuras)

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 National Disaster Risk Reduction Plan
(NDRRP) Strategies

 Integration of National Disaster Risk Reduction Plan with the National

Priority Programs.

 NDRRP Strategies :
• Assess and monitor risk conditions, especially hotspots.
• Time bound programs on risk reduction.
• Continuous training for disaster actors in national and provincial
officers.
• Promotion of knowledge and awareness products on risk reduction.
• Engagement with the key national stakeholders on incorporating
DRR in development programming.

25
Module 01 - Disaster Risk Transfer
• Risk transfer: transferring or spreading the risks Trainee Notes
through innovative institutions to lessen the
burden on the victims and to facilitate the
recovery process.
• The main risk transfer/ risk financing methods
are:
 Budget self-insurance – allocation a small
proportion of budget to be spent on improved
maintenance and or relief or rehabilitation.
 Market Insurance and Reinsurance. Insurance
provides coverage for damage and expenses that
are beyond the potential for budget self-insurance
 Community based savings and or insurance-
programs used for community disasters.
 Public asset coverage
 Risk pooling and diversification
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 Risk financing
Module-01 Disaster Risk Preparedness

• Establishing Disaster Management Sub Committees under the

CDC.
• Define roles and responsibilities of village Disaster Response
Committees.
• Set up Disaster preparedness plans
• Set up early warning systems
• Establish communication and information dissemination
networks
• Prepare the logistics and mode of transportation for emergency
response.
• Coordination plan for recovery and relief agencies, NGOs,
government.
27
Module 01 – Recovery and Relief
Trainee Notes

• Part of DRM planning includes post disaster recovery and

relief planning. This is especially important when
coordinating multiple relief agencies during disasters.
• Why are people on the photo in tents?
28
Module 01 - Rehabilitation
Trainee Notes

• The community is building a residential block and

reinforcing structural components as a part of
rehabilitation effort.
• What are seismic specific elements on the photo?
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Community Based DRM Strategies
Guidelines for Earthquake Risk Reduction, Preparedness and
and Recovery, Relief and Rehabilitation

1. Risk Reduction;
• Overview of seismic hazards in Afghanistan, building types, vulnerability and earthquake risk using
the GeoNode platform.
• Use of mapping for hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessment, GeoNode.
• Earthquake resistant design, construction, materials, configurations, technologies
• Retrofitting of Earthen Houses.
2. Preparedness;
• Earthquake preparedness and response plan
• Establish Disaster Management Sub Committees under the CDC
• Create “Community Action Plan” under CDC
• Establish communication and information dissemination network among the CDC/SHURA and
villagers, NGOs and government agencies.
• Ensure safe shelter, food, water and medical for earthquake evacuation
3. Relief, Recovery, Rehabilitation;
• CDC conducts “Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment” (RDNA) and forwards to District/Provincial
disaster management focal point or responsible FP’s. Communicates according to DRM plan.
• Coordination of multiple relief agencies, NGOs and GoA Office of State Minister, Afghanistan
National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA), A Policy and Strategy Making Body.

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 Early Warning System (EWS)
The Local Flood Early Warning System (LFEWS) has the main goal of contributing to the reduction of
human vulnerability and suffering of flood related disaster. Some of the key elements of LFEWS are
discussed in the figure below;

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 Region Specific DRM

• Introduction to Region Specific DRM in

Afghanistan and Basic Information about
Earthquake loads and Earthquake Resistant
Structures

32
Module 01 – Introduction to GeoNode
Trainee Notes

• Afghanistan Disaster Risk Info (GeoNode Platform) is a

public platform for creating, sharing and accessing
geospatial data and maps for decision-making about
disaster risks
• Have you used this platform so far? 33
Module 01 – GeoNode Earthquake Maps
Trainee Notes

• Note the North-Eastern quadrant for frequent earthquake

activity.
• How affected is your region by earthquakes?

34
 Module 01 – GeoNode Flood Maps
Trainee Notes

• Is your district population affected by floods significantly?

35
Module 01 – GeoNode Drought Maps
Trainee Notes

• Is your district population affected by droughts significantly?

36
 Module 01 – GeoNode Landslide Maps
Trainee Notes

• Is your province population exposed to landslides significantly?

37
 Module 01 – GeoNode Avalanche Maps
Trainee Notes

• How likely are avalanches of high pressure in Daykundi province?

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Module
Module01
01--Regional Disaster
Introduction Risks
to Regiona
Trainee Notes

• Regional Disaster risks include hazard levels that are

unique to each region.
• Each region has a primary hazard and the level of hazard
risk varies from region to region.
• How does one hazard indirectly create another? Give
examples.
• What is the primary risk for your region?
• What are the secondary risks?

39
Module 01 - Regional Disaster Risks Examples
Trainee Notes

• For the past two years, the rains have been poor in parts of southern
Afghanistan. What comes next is tragically familiar. Dry wells. Dying
livestock. Failed harvests. Migration. Masses of people in dire need of
humanitarian assistance.
• What is the mitigation measure for this situation?
40
Module 01 - Regional Disaster Risks Examples
Trainee Notes

• Higher altitude areas of Afghanistan, such as the Salang

pass could experience more frequent avalanches in mid-
winter due to increased snowfall.
• How do you look for survivors in avalanches?
41
Module 01 - Regional Disaster Risk Quiz
Trainee Notes

• What regions in Afghanistan are most prone to

what hazard?

• Why is it that the poorest people are the most

vulnerable when it comes to natural hazards?

• How can GeoNode be used to search for specific

area with hazards?

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 Resilient Infrastructure Design

• Introduction to Resilient Infrastructure Design

43
Module 01 – Resilient Infrastructure
Trainee Notes

• Infrastructure resilience is the ability to reduce the

magnitude and/or duration of disruptive events.
• Is the building from the picture above resilient enough?
44
 Earthquake Analysis and Design

• Introduction to Earthquake Resistant

Structures

45
Module 01 – Resilient Infrastructure Quiz
Trainee Notes
• What is the way to understand how resilient
infrastructure look like?

• Can we achieve better results in building

resilient infrastructure by comparing
infrastructure designs and systems?

• What are the minor and what major

measures in design of the residential areas
that would as a result give resilient
infrastructure design?

• Have you seen some good example of

resilient infrastructure in your region that
you can describe?

46
Module-01Group Exercise
Case Study: The Afghanistan Earthquakes of 1998; 4 February and 30
May, Rustaq, Afg.
“2400 people were killed when an earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale hit
Rustaq (approx. 250 km. North of Kabul) and more than 5000 people died when a
second earthquake a few months later measuring 6.9 hit the same region in
Afghanistan. It often happens that an earthquake in developing countries kills more
people than one of a similar magnitude in developed countries (see case study of
Assisi, Italy 1997 earthquake).” Keeping in mind Disaster Risk Management, please
answer the following;

How would you have helped the community using your understanding of DRM and
GeoNode to;
a) Identify the risk;
b) Implement risk reduction;
c) Prepare for risk transfer;
d) Develop disaster preparedness plan;
e) Plan for recovery, relief and rehabilitation.
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Module 01 - SUMMARY
Trainee Notes
• Disaster Risk Management (DRM) cycle has risk
identification, risk reduction, risk transfer,
preparedness and recovery, relief and rehabilitation

• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) starts with risk

identification

• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) can be done through

structural and non-structural measures

• Disaster Risk Transfer helps in dealing with the impact of

the disasters through insurance options or community
and or family savings.

• The GeoNode Platform is a public platform for creating,

sharing and accessing geospatial data and maps for
decision-making about disaster risks

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Module 01-Summary

• Resilient Infrastructure can save a lot of lives and should be considered

by designers at all times

• Afghan Regional Disaster Risks

• Community based strategies

• Government of Afghanistan National Policy on DRM and Community

Based Training.

• Afghan Regional Disaster Risks should be managed locally with good

central government framework
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 Module 01-Exercise

• Identify a region.
• Identify a sub project within this region
• Prioritize the most probable natural hazard to
effect the sub project.
• Identify risk on this sub project
• What type of risk reduction measures would
you implement to mitigate disaster risk (loss)
• entify a sector (roads, canals, irrigation, power,
50