Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

OSI REFERENCE MODEL

B. Tech. Third Year
Seminar
2023-2024

Electronics and Communication Engineering Department

Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur (UP State Govt. University)
BY
KARTIKEYA SHARMA
Roll no. – 2021041143
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

S. No.
Table of Content Description
1 Introduction
2 Application Layer
3 Presentation Layer
4 Session Layer
5 Transport Layer
6 Network Layer
7 Data Link Layer
8 Physical Layer
9 Working
10 Practical Applications
11 General Issues
12 Conclusion
13 Reference
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Introduction
• OSI(Open Systems Interconnection) model was developed by the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1984.
• The OSI Reference Model is an abstract description of inter-processes communication. OSI is concerned with standards
for communication between systems. A system is considered to be one or more autonomous computers and their
associated software, peripherals, and users that are capable of information processing and/or transfer.
• Layering is used as the structuring technique. Layering means decomposing the problem of bulding a network into more
manageable components(layers).
• Usage of OSI reference model makes the design more modular and easy to troubleshoot.
• The OSI Reference Model consists of seven layers. The upper 4 layers of OSI Reference Model defines functions focused
on application and the lower 3 layers are focused on end to end delivery of data.

SENDER RECEIVER

Fig.1: System and Layers in OSI Environment Fig.2: 7 Layers of OSI Reference Model

Fig.1 IMG SRC = “semanticscholars.org/paper”

Fig.2 IMG SRC = “learn.Microsoft.com/en-us/”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Application Layer
• Highest layer which is closest to the user.
• Enables the user to access the network resources. Therefore establishes the interface between network
and application.
Services provided by Application Layer:
• Files transfer and access management (access files in remote computer)
• Mail Services (mail forwarding and storage)
• Directory services
Examples of such applications are:
• Word processing programs
• Bank terminal programs

Fig.3
Fig.3 IMG SRC = “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Presentation Layer
• This layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one sends out is readable by the
application layer of another system.
• Concerned with the syntax (standard representation) of information exchanged between two systems.
Services provided by Presentation Layer:
• Translation (Common format accepted by sender and receiver)
• Encryption (Used for confidential data)
• Compression
Examples of such applications are:
• JPEG
• MPEG

Fig.4
Fig.4 IMG SRC = “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Session Layer
• Layer 3 from the top.
• The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and control (synchronize) the interaction between
communicating devices.
Services provided by Session Layer:
• Dialog Control (establishes a singlet or a duplex mode)
• Synchronization (divides communication into checkpoints and forwards in direction of checkpoints)
Examples of such applications are:
• Standard Query Language (SQL)

Fig.5
Fig.5 IMG SRC = “https://digitalthinkerhelp.com/session”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Transport Layer
• Heart among all the layers.
• Responsible for process to process delivery pf entire message.
Services provided by Transport Layer:
• Port addressing (Allotment of port numbers)
• Segmentation and Reassembly (Message to be provided with some segment address)
• End to end flow control.

Fig.6
Fig.6 IMG SRC = “https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Network Layer
• Defines end to end delivery of packets.
• Responsible for delivery of data from the original source to destination network.
Services provided by Network Layer:
• Logical addressing (Source IP address and destination IP address are added)
• Routing (Best path/route selection)
Examples of such applications are:
• IPV4 and IPV6

Fig.7
Fig.7 IMG SRC = “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Data Link Layer

• This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link by using the Media Access Control
(MAC) address.
• Responsible for movement of data (frames) from one node to another node.
Services provided by Data Link Layer:
• Framing (Groups of 0’s and 1’s are known as frames)
• Physical Addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control (Trailer part)

Fig.8
Fig.8 IMG SRC = “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Physical Layer
• Responsible for transmitting bits over a medium. It also provides electrical and mechanical specification.
Services provided by Physical Layer:
• Physical characteristics of medium (wired or wireless)
• Representation of bits in electrical signal or optical signals.
• Bit rate decide
• Physical Topology (Two processes at the same time)

Fig.9
Fig.9 IMG SRC = “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model”
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

OSI Reference model working is as follows:

Working
• Data is taken in D7 and H7 header is added by application layer.
• In D6 data is encrypted, translated and then sent to session layer D5 in which some session layer performances are added and heade
H5 is added.
• In D4 Transport layer adds Port addresses in the data(H4).
• In D3 Network Layer source/destination IP address are added in the data(H3).
• In D2 Data Link Layer Source/Destination MAC address are added(H2) and trailer(T2) which control error.
• After this the data is converted to Binary in Physical Layer and sent through Transmission medium to receiver.

Fig.10 Fig.11
Fig.10 IMG SRC = https://blogger.googleusercontent.com
Fig.11 IMG SRC =https://www.slideshare.net/l2networksositcpipptx
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Practical Applications
1. Network Design and Architecture: The OSI model serves as a conceptual framework for designing and
implementing network architectures. It helps in understanding the different layers involved in
communication and enables network architects to design scalable, efficient, and interoperable networks.
2. Troubleshooting and Diagnostics: When diagnosing network issues, the OSI model provides a structured
approach for troubleshooting. By systematically checking each layer, network engineers can identify the
source of the problem more efficiently.
3. Protocol Development and Standardization: The OSI model provides a reference point for developing and
standardizing networking protocols. Each layer of the model represents a set of functions and services,
guiding the development of protocols that operate at specific layers.
4. Security Implementation: Security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and
encryption technologies can be implemented at various layers of the OSI model to protect networks and
data.
5. Training and Education: The OSI model serves as a fundamental concept in networking education and
training programs. It provides a structured framework for teaching networking principles, protocols, and
technologies, helping students grasp complex networking concepts more effectively.
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

General Issues
1. Lack of Flexibility: The OSI model was designed as a theoretical framework and may not always adapt well
to real-world networking scenarios.
2. Overlap and Redundancy: Some functions and protocols may appear redundant or overlapping between
layers, leading to confusion and inefficiencies.
3. Limited Adoption: While the OSI model provides a conceptual foundation for networking, it has not been
universally adopted in practice. Many networking professionals and organizations prefer alternative
models such as the TCP/IP model.
4. Difficulty in Mapping to Specific Technologies: While the OSI model provides a high-level abstraction of
network communication, mapping its concepts directly to specific technologies or protocols can be
challenging.
5. Inadequate Emphasis on Real-Time Communication: The OSI model was primarily designed for general-
purpose data communication and may not adequately address the requirements of real-time
communication applications such as voice and video streaming. These applications often have stringent
latency and reliability requirements that may not be fully accommodated by the OSI model.
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Conclusion
As we conclude, it's essential to emphasize several key points:
1.Conceptual Clarity: The OSI model provides a clear and structured way to conceptualize network communication. By
breaking down the process into distinct layers, it simplifies the understanding of complex networking concepts.
2.Interoperability: One of the primary goals of the OSI model is to promote interoperability among different vendors'
networking equipment and protocols. By defining standardized interfaces between layers, it facilitates seamless
communication between disparate systems.
3.Troubleshooting and Design: Understanding the OSI model is invaluable for troubleshooting network issues and designing
efficient network architectures. It allows network engineers to isolate problems to specific layers and implement solutions
effectively.
4.Evolution and Relevance: Despite being conceptualized decades ago, the OSI model remains relevant in today's
networking landscape. While newer models and protocols have emerged, the OSI model's principles continue to underpin
modern networking standards and technologies.
5.Flexibility and Adaptability: While the OSI model provides a structured framework, it also allows for flexibility and
adaptation to evolving technologies. Its modular design enables the incorporation of new protocols and technologies
without necessitating a complete overhaul of the model itself.
 Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Reference
1. J. D. Day and H. Zimmermann, "The OSI reference model," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1334-1340,
Dec. 1983, doi: 10.1109/PROC.1983.12775. keywords: {Open systems;Standards development;ISO
standards;Communication standards;Computer networks;Standards organizations;Protocols;Springs;ARPANET;Packet
switching},
2. Bora, Gaurav, et al. "OSI reference model: An overview." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology
(IJCTT) 7.4 (2014): 214-218.
3. H. Zimmermann, "OSI Reference Model - The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection," in IEEE
Transactions on Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 425-432, April 1980, doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094702. keywords:
{Open systems;Standards development;ISO standards;Protocols;Computer networks;Computer architecture;Standards
organizations;Computer aided manufacturing;Constitution;Standardization},
4. “https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/
5. “https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model
Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Thank You