Climate

Change
Presented by:

Lilu Sethi
 Climate Change
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity
or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have
been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of
fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land use The
average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about 1.1°C warmer
than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial revolution) and
warmer than at any time in the last 100,000 years. The last decade (2011-
2020) was the warmest on record.
Climate
Issues
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 Energy
Energy is the heart of the climate challenge – and key
to the solution.

Fossil fuels still account for more than 80% of global

energy production.

Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas, are by far the largest
contributor to global climate change.

about 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90%

of all carbon dioxide emissions.

80% of the global population about 6 billion people who are

depends on fossil fuels.
 The ocean
The ocean generates 50% of the oxygen we need, absorbs 25% of all
carbon dioxide emissions and captures 90% of the excess heat
generated by these emissions.

It is not just ‘the lungs of the planet’ but also its largest ‘carbon sink’
– a vital buffer against the impacts of climate change.

increasing greenhouse gas emissions have affected the health of the

ocean – warming and acidifying seawater – causing detrimental
changes to life under water and on land, and reducing the ocean’s
ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
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In the ocean, rising temperatures increase the risk of irreversible loss of marine and
coastal ecosystems. Live coral reefs, for instance, have nearly halved in the past 150
years, and further warming threatens to destroy almost all remaining reefs.

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6

Biodiversity
The biodiversity we see today is the result of 4.5 billion years of
evolution. Biodiversity forms the web of life that we depend on for so
many things – food, water,etc.
Over half of global GDP is dependent on nature. More than 1
billion people rely on forests for their livelihoods.

Up to one million species are threatened with extinction.

Irreplaceable ecosystems like parts of the Amazon rainforest are
turning from carbon sinks into carbon sources due to deforestation.

higher temperatures have forced animals and plants to move to

higher elevations or higher latitudes, many moving towards the
Earth’s poles, with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems.
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Land
Today, up to 40 per cent of the world’s land surface has been degraded
including 30 per cent of its cropland and 10 per cent of its pastureland.

When land is degraded, it causes a loss of about US$40 trillion worth

of ecosystem services each year — nearly half of the global GDP
of $93 trillion .

Up to 250 million people could be displaced by 2050 as a result of

climate change-induced desertification.

Between 2000 and 2009, annual greenhouse gas emissions from

degraded land accounted for up to 4.4 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions — in comparison, the global energy-related CO2
emissions were considered to reach their highest ever level in 2021 at
36.3 billion tonnes.
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As the planet warms, extreme weather events,

including longer and more intense drought,
projected length of drought with every 0.5°C
temperature increase.

Heatwaves have caused significant agricultural

losses, including in the world’s major
breadbasket regions in the last few decades,
with major consequences for
global food security.
Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy sources are all around us.
 Renewable energy is cheaper.
 Renewable energy is healthier.
 Renewable energy creates jobs.
 Renewable energy makes economic sense.
 Renewable energy sources are all around us.
renewable energy sources are available in all countries.

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that 90 percent of the world’s electricity can and should
come from renewable energy by 2050.

Renewable energy is cheaper.

Onshore wind offshore wind Solar power year
energy energy energy

Fell by 56% Fell by 48% Fell by 85% 2010

2020
remain Higher because competitiveness improves due to increase IN
of gas and coal prices. (The International Energy Agency [IEA] 2022
says) and
2023
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About 29 percent of electricity currently comes from renewable sources

Cheap electricity from renewable sources could provide 65%of the world’s total electricity supply by 2030.

It could decarbonize 90% of the power sector by 2050, massively cutting carbon emissions and helping to
mitigate climate change

Renewable energy is healthier.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 99%of people in the world breathe air ,exceeds air quality
limits and threatens their health, and more than 13 million deaths around the world each year are due to avoidable
environmental causes, including air pollution.

Example;
In 2018, air pollution from fossil fuels caused $2.9 trillion in health and economic costs, about $8 billion a day.
 Renewable energy creates jobs.
investment in renewables creates three times more jobs than in the fossil fuel industry. The IEA estimates that the
transition towards net-zero emissions will lead to an overall increase in energy sector jobs: while about 5 million jobs in
fossil fuel production could be lost by 2030, an estimated 14 million new jobs would be created in clean energy, resulting
in a net gain of 9 million jobs. In addition, energy-related industries would require a further 16 million workers, for
instance to take on new roles in manufacturing of electric vehicles and hyper-efficient appliances or in innovative
technologies such as hydrogen.
This means that a total of more than 30 million jobs could be created in clean energy, efficiency, and low-emissions
technologies by 2030.

Renewable energy makes economic sense

About $7 trillion was spent on subsidizing the fossil fuel industry in 2022, including through explicit
subsidies, tax breaks.

In comparison, about $4 trillion a year needs to be invested in renewable energy until 2030 – including investments in
technology and infrastructure – to allow us to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.

The reduction of pollution and climate impacts alone could save the world up to $4.2 trillion per year by 2030.
 Safeguard
the ocean
 The benefits of mangroves
The potential of ocean and
wind energy
 Mangroves trees
They are the sequester of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates up to
four times higher than terrestrial forests can.

The potential of Ocean and Wind energy

The ocean is an incredible source of renewable energy – off-shore wind and
ocean energy, derived from natural sources, such as wind, water and tides,
that don't emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases .Off-shore wind
power is generated by the airflow through wind turbines that mechanically turn
electric generators. Wind power could cover more than one third of global
power needs.
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Biodiversity :essential for limiting
climate change
When human activities produce greenhouse gases, around half of
the emissions remain in the atmosphere, while the other half is
absorbed by the land and ocean. These ecosystems – and the
biodiversity they contain – are natural carbon sinks, providing
so-called nature-based solutions to climate change.

Governments deal with climate change and biodiversity through

two different international agreements the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to tackle the
causes of biodiversity loss worldwide, including climate
change and pollution.
 Changing the way we
use land
One way is through restoration, which includes
agroforestry, grazing management, and assisted natural
regeneration.

2nd way is protection of areas important for biodiversity

and the provision of natural resources such as water.
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Sustainable land management practices, such as using more efficient

irrigation systems and crop rotations, can protect ecosystems and the
communities that depend on them, as well as help to regulate local
climate patterns, improve water quality, and safeguard biodiversity.

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 Thank you
LILU SETHI

lilusethi592@gmail.com

Reference
https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change