Light acts like a Wave

Light can be though of as a propagating

electromagnetic wave. The wave travels at
the maximum allowed speed (c=3x108 m/s)
through a vacuum. The electric and magnetic
fields are felt to oscillate at right angles to
each other as the wave passes.
 Properties of a Wave
The distance between crests or troughs is the wavelength . If the wave
travels at speed c, the crests will
pass with a frequency f. The
relation between these is
x f = c.

People wondered what

“medium” the light waves are
travelling in. Today we just say
it is the vacuum (which isn’t
totally empty in modern
physics. We also now know that
the speed in this medium is the
same no matter how fast the
emitter is travelling (very odd: a
result of Einstein’s relativity).
 Light also acts like a particle : the
“Photon”
When detectors (or atoms) “see” light, it arrives in discreet packages,
which we call “photons”. You can think of each photon as having a
wavelength. The energy of a photon depends on its wavelength or
frequency: E  f  c / .

As a whole, the photons have the statistical behavior of waves of that

wavelength. They experience “interference” like waves.
 Light is Electromagnetic
Radiation
All wavelengths (or energies) of light are the same basic stuff.
Together they constitute the “electromagnetic spectrum”. Visible
light is a tiny portion of this. Although our eyes cannot detect the
rest of the spectrum, we now have detectors that can. We give
different names to the different “colors”. We use different units for
the different wavelengths – whatever is convenient.
 The Spectrum of E-M radiation

Astronomical objects are capable of producing different parts of the

spectrum depending on how energetic the processes that are going
on, or how hot the object is.
The Atmospheric “Windows”
 Thermal or “Blackbody”
Radiation
Any opaque body produces E-M radiation characteristic of its temperature. It follows
the “Planck curve” shape, which has a peak. The wavelength of the peak follows
“Wein’s law”: max(nm)=3x106 / T(K) (so hotter sources are bluer).
The total energy emitted (or total area under the curve) by hotter sources of the same
size goes up like T4 , and they are brighter at all wavelengths.
This is called “blackbody” radiation
because it’s what you get from a little hole in a
dark cavity, or a black-looking absorber (which is
also an excellent emitter). A better name is
“thermal” radiation, because it is related to T.
 Astro Quiz
Which statement below is FALSE?
• Two stars are the same distance and size, but one looks
brighter. It must also be hotter.

• Two stars are the same distance and temperature, but one
looks brighter. It must also be larger.

• Two stars are the same size and temperature, but one looks
brighter. It must also be bluer.

Reminder: The wavelength of the peak follows “Wein’s law”:

max(nm)=3x106 / T(K) (so hotter sources are bluer).
The total energy emitted (or total area under the curve) by hotter sources of
the same size goes up like T4 , and they are brighter at all wavelengths.
Thermal Radiation from Objects

There are also a variety

of “non-thermal”
processes (often
involving magnetic
fields) which produce
radiation at all
wavelengths (and can
produce VERY high
energy radiation) all the
way up through gamma
rays. They are often
associated with violent
phenomena (explosions,
black holes, etc.).
 Energy Levels in Atoms
We can think of an atom as consisting of a positive nucleus (protons and neutrons)
surrounded by negative electrons. The electrons can be thought of as “orbiting” the
nucleus, but are only allowed in certain orbits (or energy levels).
A photon with exactly the right energy can excite the electron from one level to
another. The electron will drop back to the “ground state”, and emit photons with
specific energies as it does so.
“Chemistry” is caused by the fact that no 2 identical electrons can be in the same
orbital at the same time.
 Energy transitions and photons
The energy of photon that can interact with a level jump just
depends on the energy difference between the levels. Levels can be
skipped.
 Unique Atomic Signatures
Each atom has a specific set of energy levels, and thus a
unique set of photon wavelengths with which it can interact.
 The Doppler Shift – how it
works
When a source is moving, an observer gets the waves either stretched
out or crunched together, depending on their relative motion with the
source. In the case of light, longer wavelengths look redder and
shorter wavelengths look bluer. This is given by the Doppler formula:
v v is negative for an
new  rest    rest approaching source:
c if the distance is shrinking,
the wavelength is too

To get an appreciable
change, you have to be
moving with an
appreciable fraction of
the speed of the wave
 The Doppler Shift – how we use
it
Atomic energy transitions leave features in the spectrum whose
rest wavelengths are known from laboratory work. We can
measure observed shifts in these wavelengths from astronomical
objects, and see how fast they are moving (you only get the line-
of-sight motion: towards or away from you).

More subtle analysis can

also yield other motions,
like rotation or turbulent
motions. These are all
direct uses of the
Doppler shift. It doesn’t
matter how far away the
source is, either.