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Unit 3 The Sounds of Language
Unit 3 The Sounds of Language
Unit 3 The Sounds of Language
OF LANGUAGE
BY GEORGE YULE
Prepared by:
Dr. Fahd Alalwi
SEAGH. Sound familiar?
Sure
Dead
Laugh
Chef
Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V-V-V
Once the air has passed through
Place of Articulation
the larynx, it comes up and out
through the mouth and/or nose.
Other alveolars are [l] in initial position in words like lap and
lit, and the [r] in initial position in words like right, write, and
rip.
ALVEOLAR
Palatals (or Alveo-palatals)
Back behind the alveolar ridge you can find a hard part in the
root of your month (palate). Sounds which are produced at the
very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge, are called
alveo-palatals.
shout, child (voiceless)
They are represented by the symbols [ʃ] and [ʧ respectively.
Voiced alveo-palatal [ʒ] is not very common in English. It can
be found in middle position, as in treasure and pleasure or in
final position, as in rouge.
The other voiced alveol-palatal sound [ʤ] can be found in
initial position in words like joke and germ, judge, and George.
[ȷ] at the beginning of words like you and yet is also a palatal.
sound. This sound is pronounced with the tongue in the middle
of the palate.
PALATALS
Velars
Even further back in the root of the mouth, beyond the hard
palate, you will find a soft area which is called the soft palate,
or the velum. Sounds which are produced with the back of the
tongue against the velum are called velars.
kid, kill, car, and cold (voiceless velar sound, [k])
go, gun, bag, muge, and plague (voiced velar sound, [g])
The velum can be lowered to allow the air to flow through the
nasal cavity and produce another voiced velar sound, [ƞ]. In
written English it is normally spelled as two letters ‘ng. ’
sing, sang, and tongue
ringing ([ƞ] occurs twice)
bang ([ƞ] occurs only once) Careful: There is no [g] sound
VELARS
Glottals
There is one other sound that is produced withouth the
active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It is
the sound [h] which occurs at the beginning of words like:
.
The Glottal Stop and the Flap
The glottal stop, represented [Ɂ] occurs when the space
between the vocal cords (glottis) is closed completely, very
briefly, and then released. Oh oh! Uh-uh! It is used by Scottish
speakers and New Yorkers. In London speech, they pronounce
a glottal stop in words like butter and bottle.
Butter similar to ‘budder’ in American English. This is a flap,
which is represented by [D] or [ɾ]. This flap is produced by the
tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an
instant.
[t] and [d] between vowels are usually flapped so that, in casual
speech, ladder and latter, writer and rider, and metal medal do
not have distinct middle consonants.
Vowels
MID
LOW
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
HIGH
MID
LOW
Diphthongs