Politics and Governance

The Concept of Politics
and Governance
What is Government?
Government denotes a group of representatives or

leaders who takes care of the administration and
proper functioning of the country.
It is a body consisting of a group of leaders or
representatives who come together in a common
platform for taking charge of all activities happening
in the state. They are bestowed with some powers
which depend on the mode of the government.
What is Government?
▪ In a government, the leaders are elected by the

people of the nation through election (poll). The
leaders elected will oversee all activities occurring in
the country.
▪ The government (democratic) acts as a medium
through which powers, regulation, policies, rules of
the state get employed.
What is Government?
▪ Government is responsible for framing the various

policies which are and must be aimed for the
welfare of the state.
What is Governance?
▪ Governance is a framework which consists of rules,

procedures, regulations which are executed by the
government.
▪ In the case of governance, the elected
representatives or leaders discuss together to arrive
at policies and framework to execute it.
What is Governance?
▪ Governance is the framework formed by the

government for ensuring the proper functioning of
the state. It can also be defined as the way which
the government implement the policies for good
results for the desired target.
What is the Difference Between
Government and Governance?
Government Governance
Definition Government denotes a group of Governance is a framework which
representatives or leaders who consists of rules, procedures,
takes care of the administration regulations which are executed
and proper functioning of the by the government.
country.
Function Controls the state by the powers The concept followed by the
assigned to them. government to achieve the goals.
Denotation of Term People selected by predefined Policies, rules and regulation.
mechanism followed in the
respective state.
Dependency between the two It is an Independent factor. Depends on the government.
Example Democratic Government, National Health Policy,

Autocratic government etc… Universal Educational program
etc…
Main Differences Between Government and
Governance
▪ The government consists of elected representatives who governs

or rules the state. Governance is the way which is followed by the
elected representatives for proper functioning.
▪ Government denotes elected people whereas governance
denotes the framework or procedures followed by the
government.
▪ The government is responsible for all the activities occurring in
the state whereas governance is the concept followed by the
government for implementing the above-mentioned activities.
Main Differences Between Government and
Governance
▪ The main purpose of the government is to ensure the welfare and

demands of the organization/state are met. The main purpose of
the governance is to assure that the best results are obtained for
the welfare of the state by following the rules in the framework
formulated by the government.
▪ The government takes care of the administration of the
organization/state whereas governance indicates us the way the
government is following for proper administration.
Conclusion
▪ Though government and governance are related to each

other, they have a difference between them. To simply put,
the government rules the organization, or the country and
the governance is the way adopted by the government to
achieve the goals set by them for proper functioning.
▪ Both are necessary for the sustainability of the

organization or the country.
MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
HINMARACS
ANARCHISM
TICSVONASMER
CONSERVATISM
SASCIFM
FASCISM
INFEMMIS
FEMINISM
LIBISRAELM
LIBERALISM
MISMARX
MARXISM
IALISSOCM
SOCIALISM
Political Ideologies
What is Political Ideology?

 a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize a
specific political action.
 It consist of belief and value systems, a discussion of
existing power relationships, an exploration of how
political change is achieved in line with these power
relations and an illustration of a desired future
(Heywood 2013).
Political Ideologies
What is Political Ideology?

 is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions,
exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes
deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing
plans of action for public policy making in an attempt
to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and
political arrangements and processes of a political
community.
Major Political Ideologies
Anarchism - cluster of doctrines and attitudes centred on
the belief that government is both harmful and
unnecessary. Anarchist thought developed in
the West and spread throughout the world,
principally in the early 20th century.
Derived from the Greek root anarchos meaning
“without authority,” anarchism, anarchist, and
anarchy are used to express both approval and
disapproval.
ANARCHISM
▪ Political authority in all its form, and especially in the form of the
state, is both evil and unnecessary (anarchy literally means
‘without rule’).
▪ The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive authority of the state is
seen as nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the
interests of the powerful, propertied, and privileged.
▪ Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals can best manage
their own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.
CONSERVATISM is a cultural, social, and political
philosophy that seeks to promote and to
preserve traditional social institutions and
practices.
CONSERVATISM
▪ Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include established
customs, institutions, and ways of doing things that have endured
through time.
▪ The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a
belief, pragmatism emphasizes that the action should be shaped by
practical circumstances and goals.
▪ Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on
the individual. Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and are
therefore the sources of crime and disorder. Order could thus be
achieved through a strong state.
CONSERVATISM
▪ Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,
more than being an artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is known as
organicism.
▪ Conservatives also believe that social position and status are only natural.
With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
▪ Authority must be exercised from above. Leadership is provided to guide
and support those who lack knowledge and education and those who have
little capacity to act for their own interest.
▪ Conservatives look at property as significant because it is the individual’s
source of security and independence from the government.
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist

political ideology and movement,
characterized by a dictatorial leader,
centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible
suppression of opposition, belief in a natural
social hierarchy, subordination of individual
interests for the perceived good of the
nation and race, and strong regimentation of
society and the economy.
FACISM
▪ Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea
of a supreme race, whose members should enjoy the natural
resources. It is by nature exclusive as it excludes
nonmembers of the race.
▪ Manifested during Mussolini’s facist dictatorship in Italy and
Hitler’s dictatorship in Germany.
▪ Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power,
heroism, and war.
FACISM
▪ The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor,
and self-sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the
supreme leader is a fascist ideal.
▪ Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength
through unity. As such, individual identity is not as
important as that of the social group or community.
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and

ideologies that aim to define and establish
the political, economic, personal, and
social equality of the sexes. Feminism
incorporates the position that society
prioritizes the male point of view and that
women are treated unjustly in these
societies.
FEMINISM
▪ A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to enhance
the social role of women.
▪ Society is characterized by sexual or gender equality.  The
structure of male power must be overturned, hence the
belief in gender equality.
▪ Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism and
radical feminism.
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based

on the rights of the individual, liberty,
consent of the governed and equality
before the law.
LIBERALISM
▪ Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the
human individual compared to any other group.
▪ Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual
has freedom when he or she is able to act as he or she
pleases.
▪ Reason can lead individuals to make wise judgments,
which could solve issues or differences.
LIBERALISM
▪ Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral
terms. Equal rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be
noted , however, that liberals do not endorse social equality or
equality of outcome,
▪ Tolerance is willingness of individuals to allow others to think and
behave in ways they do not approve. It is a guarantee of
individual liberty.
▪ Authority and social relationships must also be based on
agreement and consent.
SOCIALISM is a social and economic doctrine that calls for
public rather than private ownership or control
of property and natural resources.
a political and economic theory of social
organization which advocates that the means
of production, distribution, and exchange
should be owned or regulated by the
community as a whole.
SOCIALISM
▪ Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the
individual is connected with others. Identify is therefore a
product of social interaction more than innate qualities.
▪ Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common
humanity Socialist thus prefer cooperation rather than
competition and collectivity rather than individualism.
SOCIALISM
▪ Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the
distribution of income or wealth. Social class is believed to be an
important social cleavage, which divides societies. The interests
of the working class and the oppressed should be upheld. With
this, eradicating economic and social inequalities is deemed as
the primary goal of socialism.
▪ Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike
private property, common ownership is a means to harness
material resources for the common good.
Activity: The weight of thinking
Direction: Complete the chart below to compare and contrast the different major
political ideologies.
Political Ideologies Similarities Differences
1. Conservatism and Liberalism
2. Fascism and Socialism
3. Anarchism and Feminism

thank you!
▪ Activity 1. “Fact or Bluff”
▪ Directions. Write fact on the space before each item if the
question or situation is true and bluff, if not true
1. The presence in the country of food chains like McDonald’s,
KFC, etc, manufacturing and distribution companies lke
Coca Coca Botlling Corporation, Johnson and Johnson
Philippines, etc, are manifestations of capitalism and these
corporations have a very strong hold on the people.
2. Uganda at one time in history adopted the ideology of
despotism thus power then was held by the President at the
time, Idi Amin.
3. In the Philippines, the father has always been the repository of
authority in the family and this is an indication that the
society is patriarchal in nature.
4. It is believed that Germany under Adolf Hitler adopted the
fascist ideology, the reason why he held all the powers
during his time.
5. When we talk about classroom management, always seek the
advise of the barangay captain as he is the proper authority.
6. In every class we vote for class officers and the class President
is expected to be the alter-ego of the adviser in the absence
of the former.
▪ Activity 2. Picture Analysis
▪ Direction. Through a creative interpretation, explain the image which
will be shown next.
▪ a. A song, written using the Filipino or English language, where the
lyrics shall be written on the activity page.
▪ b. A spoken poetry using the English or Filipino language which shall
run for 3-5 minutes, where the full text shall be written on the activity
sheet.
▪ c. An essay, which shall consist of 200 words, to be written on the
activity sheet.
Picture Analysis
NATURE OF POWER
Power is the capacity for influence and that influence is

based on the control of resources valued or
desired by others.
Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the

actions, belief, or conduct (behavior) of others.
DIMENSIONS OF POWER
Power has its dimensions, which makes us

aware of its scope or boundaries,
and they are as follows:
1. Agenda- This refers to the motive of

the person who wants to have power
or the reason why one wants to be
paced under the influence of another
person.
DIMENSIONS OF POWER
2. Decision-making- This refers to the

end of the person seeking for power,
where he has to have influence over
others because they are vital to
whatever decisions he would be
making inherent to his status or
position.
DIMENSIONS OF POWER
3. Manipulation- This is from the means

of who holds the power and it refers
to the controlling factor over the
other person and which means that
the former can make the latter do
whatever he wishes, whether in
legitimate or illegitimate means.
TYPES OF POWER
1. Legitimate power- This is the type or

kind of power which is oftentimes
referred to as positional power.
There is a legal and formal basis
for the acquisition or delegation of
power to a certain individual and
there are relative position and
duties and responsibilities.
TYPES OF POWER
2. Referent power- When an individual is

able to convince another person
without lifting a finger or just by
simply being with the other person
and talking it out with him, that is
referent power.
TYPES OF POWER
3. Expert power- From the word itself,

this type of power presupposes the
expertise or special knowledge one
has to capacitate him/her exert
influence over another person.
TYPES OF POWER
4. Coercive power- The word coercive

denotes negativity, however,
sometimes, this kind of power is
deemed necessary to make other
people obey laws or directives or to
prevent an unnecessary action. The
exercise of this power presupposes
the use of threat or punishment.
TYPES OF POWER
5. Reward power- This type of power

refers to the capacity of the power-
wielder to offer or extend a reward
or to recompense an accomplishment.
INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
1. Police Power
2. Power of Eminent Domain
3. Power of Taxation
Similarities in the inherent Powers of the State

1. They are inherent in the state and may be
exercised by it without the need to express
constitutional grant.
2. They are not only necessary but also
indispensable. The state cannot continue or be
effective unless it is able to exercise them.
3. They are methods by which the state interferes
with private rights.
4. They all presuppose an equivalent compensation for
the private rights interfered with.
5. They are exercised primarily by the legislature.
Limitations in the exercise of the inherent powers of

the state.
1. These powers may not be exercised to trample the
rights guaranteed under the bill of rights
2. The exercise of these fundamental powers is subject
at all times to the limitations and requirements of
the Constitution and may in proper cases be
annulled by the courts of justice.
1. Police power – The power of the state to enact and
enforce laws and to regulate property and liberty
in the promotion of the general welfare of the
people.
Characteristics of Police Power

a. The police power is considered the most pervasive, the
least limitable, and the most demanding of the three
powers.
“Salus populi est suprema lex”
The welfare of the people is the supreme law.
“Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas”

To use your property so as not to injure others.
b. The police power is dynamic, not static and must move with
the moving society it is supposed to regulate.
c. Police Power may sometimes use taxing power as an implement

for the attainment of a legitimate police objective.
Examples of Police Power Laws
• On Public Morals – those punishing public scandal, vagrancy

and prostitution, prohibiting illegal gambling and the like.
• General welfare and convenience – those penalizing the
turning loose of large cattle or permitting them to run
loose in streets and plazas of municipalities; regulating
prices of commodities; regulating distances between gasoline
stations among others.
• Public safety – those requiring a license to drive motor
vehicles; authorizing the demolition of buildings or
improvement which constitute a fire hazard.
• Public health – those providing paternity and maternity
leave for working men and women respectively; those
regulating the medical profession and the like.
2. Power of Eminent Domain
The power enables the state to take private property for
public use upon payment of just compensation.
“It is the highest and most exact idea of property remaining

in the government.
Elements:
a. Necessity
b. Private property
c. Just compensation (Paid by the government based on the
existing market value.
3. POWER OF TAXATION
It is the power of the state to impose and collect
revenues for the operation of the government.
The revenues collected shall go back to the people in the
form of services.
Purpose of Taxation
• To raise revenues of funds to support the government and
its service.
• Used a tool to carry out the national objective or social
or economic development.
Nature of Taxation
1. The power of taxation is inherent in sovereignty being
indispensable in the existence of the government
2. It is essentially a legislative function
Constitutional limitations of taxation
The power of taxation is subject to constitutional and
inherent limitations provided in the constitution.
a. Territory – requires that the person or property taxed

must be subjected to the jurisdiction of the taxing
state.
b. International comity – under which the property of a
foreign state may not be taxed by another
c. Exemptions of government agencies performing governmental
functions.
d. Prohibition against the delegation of legislative power
under the principle of potestas delegata non delegare
potest.
e. The levy for taxes must be for public purpose.
Scope of Taxation
The power of taxation is regarded as supreme, unlimited
and comprehensive. It is also pervasive that it reaches even
the citizens abroad and his income earned from source outside.
Taxes – are the enforced proportional contributions from

persons and property levied by the state by virtue of the
sovereignty, for the support of the government and for all
public needs.
Characteristics of Taxes
a. It is an enforced proportional contribution because its
imposition is not based upon the will of the person taxed.
b. It is generally payable in the form of money, although the
law may provide payment in kind.
c. It is laid by some rule of apportionment which is usually
based on ability to pay.
d. It is levied on person or property and also on acts,
transactions or rights or privileges.
e. It is levied by the state, which has jurisdiction over the
person or property.
f. It is levied by the law making body of the state.
g. It is levied for public purpose.
Basic Principle of a Sound Tax System
a. Fiscal Adequacy – means that the source s of revenue

should be efficient to meet the demands of public
expenditures.
b. Equality or theoretical justice – means that the tax
burden should be proportional to the tax payers
ability to pay (this is called the ability to pay
principle).
c. Administrative feasibility – means that the tax laws
should be capable of convenient, just and effective
administration.
THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE
The Concept of the State
State is a community of persons, more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a fixed territory, and possessed of
an independent government organized for political ends
to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.
Nation indicates a relation of birth or origin and implies a
common race, usually characterized by community of
language and customs.
State is a legal concept , while nation is only a racial or ethnic
concept.
Nation may comprise several states. On the other hand a
single state may also be made up of more than one
nation.
Example:
Egypt, Eraq, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon are different
states but belong to the Arab Nation
Malaysia, a single state whose population consists of
Malays and Chinese.
The state must be distinguished from the government. The
government is only an element of the State. The State
is the principal, the Government its agent. The State
itself is an abstraction; it is the government that
externalizes the State and articulates its will.
Essential elements of a State

1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
1. People
People – refers simply to the inhabitants of the state. While there is

no legal requirements as to their number, it is generally
agreed that they must be numerous enough to be self
sufficing and to defend themselves and small enough to be
easily administers and sustained.
People must come from both sexes to be able to perpetuate

themselves.

2. Territory
Territory is the fixed portion of the surface of the earth
inhabited by the people of the state.
As a practical requirement of territory, it must be neither

too big as to be difficult to administer and defend nor too
small to be unable to provide for the needs of the
population.
Components of Territory
 Terrestrial domain (Land Mass)
 Fluvial and Maritime Domain (Inland and
external waters)
 Aerial Domain (Air space above the land and
waters)
Article 1 of the Philippine Constitution provides as follows:
The National Territory

The national Territory comprises the Philippine archipelago,
with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territory over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction,
consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the
islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
▪ Territorial sea is that part of the sea extending 12 nautical miles (19 kms) from the
low-water mark. It is also called the marginal sea, the marginal belt or the marine belt.
▪ Seabed is the land that holds the sea, lying beyond the seashore, including mineral
and natural resources. It is at the top portion of the submarine area.
▪ Subsoil is everything beneath the surface soil and the seabed including mineral and
natural resources.
▪ Insural shelves are the submerged portions of a continent or offshore island, which
slope gently seaward from the low waterline to a point where a substantial break in
grade occurs, at which point the bottom slopes seaward at a considerable increase in slope
until the great ocean depths are reached; and
▪ Other submarine areas refers to those which are under the territorial sea. They are
ottherwise referred to as seamount, trough, trench, deep, bank, shoal, and reef.
3. Government
Government is the agency or instrumentality
through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and realized.
From the viewpoint of international law, no
particular form of government is prescribed,
provided only that the government is able to
represent the State in its dealings with other
States.
The Philippine Constitution requires our

government to be democratic and republican.
The mandate of the government from the State is
to promote the welfare of the people.
What is done good by the government is attributed
to the State but every harm inflicted on the
people is imputed not to the State but the
government alone.
Functions of the Government

1. Constituent function
2. Ministrant Function
Functions of the Government
Constituent function constitute the very bonds of society and are therefore compulsory
1. The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property
from violence and robbery.
2. The fixing of legal relations between husband and wife and between parents and
children.
3. The regulation of the holding, transmission and interchange of property and the
determination of its liabilities for debt of for crime;
4. The determination of contractual rights between individuals ;
5. The definition and punishment of crimes
6. The administration of justice in civil cases
7. The administration of political duties, privileges and relations of citizens; and
8. The dealing of the State with foreign powers
Ministrant Functions are those undertaken to advance the
general interests of the society, such as public works,
public charity, and regulation of trade and industry.
Doctrine of Parens Patria
One of the important task of the government is to act
for the state as Parens Patria or guardian of the rights
of the people.
De Jure and De Facto government
A De Jure government has rightful title but no power or
control, either because it has been withdrawn from it
or it has not because it has not yet actually entered
into the exercise thereof.
A De Facto government is a government of fact, that is, it
actually exercises power or control but without legal
title.
4. Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme and uncontrollable power
inherent in a State by which the state is governed.
Two kinds of sovereignty
1. Legal Sovereignty – Is the authority which has the
power to issue final commands. The power of the
state to make and implement laws within its
jurisdiction.
2. Political Sovereignty – is the power behind the legal
sovereign or the sum of the influences that operate
upon it. It is the authority of the people (electorate) to
choose who will be the leader or official of the state.
Act of State
An Act of State is an act done by the sovereign power of
a country, or by its delegate, within the limits of the
power vested in him.
An Act of State cannot be questioned or made the
subject of legal proceedings in a court of law.
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
ACTIVITY 1: WHAT DO I THINK?
The following are some
quotes from different high
ranking officials around the
world. Read and analyze them
then answer the questions on
the next slide.
GLOBALIZATION
▪ Process Questions: (all your answers shall be based from the quotations above)
1. From the quotations above, what are the 2 sides of globalization? Cite the
phrase that makes you think that way.
2. Based form the quotation above, what do you think globalization is? What
makes it a fact?
3. What are the effects of globalization? What can it do to rich states (developed
countries)? How about to poor State (developing countries)?
4. What aspects in our life is affected by globalization?
5. How can States counteract the negative effects of globalization?
GLOBALIZATION
▪ ACTIVITY 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS. Identify what was affected in the following

situations. Analyze the problem critically. Determine if it is a positive effect or a
negative effect. Write your answer in the box provided for.
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is the process through which societies have become so intertwined or

interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the world have
significant effects on the lives of people in the other part of the world.
Globalization integrates States by interchange of world views, products, ideas and

other aspects of culture
GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
▪ The shift of TESDA training to BPO related skills to cater the demand of
outsourcing companies.
▪ the shift of 10 years curriculum in Basic education Curriculum to K to 12 program is
an outset of global requirement.
▪ Many high school graduates enroll themselves to health courses program such as
nursing because of its demand abroad.
What other instances you cant think where globalization affects the Philippines?
Features of Globalization
1. Declining relevance of geographical distance;

The use of internet connectivity virtually shortens the distance between and among
the people of different states. Even millions of kilometers apart because of ICT
development the geographical distance between states was virtually shifted.
2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries.
The development in air, water and land transportation delimits the movement of
people between states. The can now move to and from one state to another.
3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local, national, and
global events constantly interact.
State personalities can now exchange ideas in real time, talk diplomatically for the
improvement of both State. The bilateral or even multi-lateral relation among them
can be strengthen or weaken depending on the aspects of the relationship.
Forms of Globalization
1. Economic Globalization
All economies have been integrated in a global economy. There is an
increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of
cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies.
Example: Internationalized production and global supply chains now standardized for
manufacturer of many device, it ranging from cars to smartphones. Take a
look of what is happening to Huawei; its parts came from manufacturers in
the Western countries which were affected by political clash between China
and US.
2. Cultural Globalization.
A phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the
diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expression
around the world. Information, commodities, and images from one part of the world
make cultural differences between nations and individuals less significant.
Example: McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called as rationalization that

Max Weber found in bureaucracies extended to fast-food chains. This then
leads to standardization of processes such as production. Also, Global
brands penetrating the local scene. Uniqlo and other brands abroad are now
here in the Philippines; we are now integrating the shoe and fashion culture
of other countries.
3. Political Globalization.
The growth of worldwide political system, the importance of international
organizations, transnational organizations, and nongovernmental organizations is
being recognized.
Example: The creation of World Trade Organization which tackles trade industries
among member states. Also, the Influence on domestic issues of
organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, World
Bank, Asian Development Bank, International Red Cross, and World Wide
Fund for Nature.
Effects of Globalization as to Economy
The developed States enjoys the advantage in the balance of opportunities

and threats. In contrast, the underdeveloped and developing countries remain
dependent on developed countries. They are mired in poverty and remain in
competition with other poor states in the export of agricultural produce and minerals.
Effects of Globalization in Developed States
Effects of Globalization in Developed States
To gain upper hand in economic competitiveness, developed states adopted

new policies. Some developed countries privatized their publicly owned companies
and pruned down their budget deficits to manageable levels, reduced their taxes, and
abolish shoddy stock market because of international competition and monopolies.
Developed countries are the markets of Multi-national corporations which in

turn MNCs are required to purchase or ask them to buy domestics products from
domestic suppliers. Because of many industries in developed countries, they are
unlikely be controlled by other states in terms of economy. They cannot be forced by
external economic forces, besides they are the ones controlling economic forces.
However, along with this is the depletion of natural resources and destruction of the
environment is much likely.
Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries
The impact of globalization in developing countries in terms in economy is far

greater than in developed countries. Developing countries only rely on single or less
export product. They are not diversified.
Middle East for example, their product is mainly oil. Without oil revenue their
economy will falter.
The Philippines also for example rely on labor exports and some agricultural
products, once that developed countries close its doors then the economy will falter
too. Some developed countries used this scenario to demand political agenda from
other states.
Activity 3
Creating a POSTER.
In a short bond paper, make a

poster that illustrates how globalization
affects nation-state. At the back of your
bond paper, explain your poster in not
more than 5 sentences.
Historical Background of the Philippine
Government
Activity 1. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and write F if not true. Observe
no erasures of answers to avoid confusion about your choices. One point for each
correct answer.
Questions
__________ 1. Filipinos have no political structure before the Spanish colonization.
__________ 2. Chieftains like Datu or Raha, exercises great control over its territory.
__________ 3. Chieftains are the same as gobernadorcillos.
__________ 4. Is our current government under the 4th Republic.
__________ 5. President Manuel L. Quezon is the Commonwealth Government First
President.
Government
Activity II. Guess Who/What. Guess your answers based on the given description on each
number. Write your answers on the space provide for. One point for each correct answer.
___________________1. It is role of this government branch to ensure that the laws are
implemented or followed.
___________________2. The period where our country is under the power of Americans.
___________________3. It is a place or province in the Philippines that does not adhere
to the Spanish ruling power.
___________________4. It is a law implemented in the Philippines whereby the Filipinos
are forced to work during the Spanish occupation.
___________________5. He is the known as the Spanish Governor to implement Martial
Law to subdue revolts in the country during his time.
1. Pre-historic Philippines 4. Commonwealth
2. Katipunan 5. Fifth Republic of the Philippines
3. Philippine-American War
Government
▪ PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD

1. The Pre-colonial period of the Philippines had a rich political landscape
consisting of polities.
2. Trades and commerce prospered
3. There were in the Philippines no large states, nor even great rajas and
sultans such as were found in the Malay Archipelago
4. When the Spaniards arrived in the country, they learned the presence of
chieftains (Hari, Datu, or Sultan) in every polity they encounter.
5. Small communities are called and organized as Barangay (Balangay) and
Sultanate, which with about thirty to one hundred families.
Government
▪ PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD

6. The chieftain is the one responsible in decision making covering all aspects
(social, cultural, spiritual, and political) that affects their community life.
The responsibility of decision making means it covers the power of
Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary
7. The presence of a community head or leader signifies the existence of a
law.
8. There was then a written or an oral Law followed obediently.
Examples: MARAGTAS CODE (1250), KALANTIAW CODE(1433),
KORAN, SUNNAH.
9. Women, in the polities of the early Filipinos, plays and important role.
They are expected to participate actively in food trades and ritual feasting.
Government
▪ SPANISH PERIOD
1. There were two units of government employed the Central Government and the
Local Government (Balleno, 2016).
2. The Philippines was under the sovereign power of the King of Spain- who solely has
the authority to appoint his representative (Governor-General).
Two Units of
Branch
Government
Central Executive Governor Appointed by the King of Spain as his representative in the colony and with following
Government General executive powers;
Commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the colony
It is the highest Authority in who can appoint the colonial officials and reserves the
power to remove them except those appointed directly by the king
Vice – royal patron or king’s representative with power to: recommend priest, declare
war or peace, and appoint or receive ambassadors.
Administrator of the Marianas, the Carolines and the Palaus as part of the Philippines
during the Spanish times
Chief justice/ President of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court)
Judiciary Royal Stands as the Supreme Court of the Philippines during the Spanish times. Its decision
Audencia was final except on cases of great importance which could be appeal to the King of
(Supreme Spain.
Court)
Local Executive Province, Province have two types

Government Cities, The Alcadia (Province where people recognized Spain’s possession over the land) and
Towns, Coregimiento (Province where people had not succumbed to Spain’s ruling power).
Barrios
Pueblo
Government
▪ SPANISH PERIOD
3. From 1568 - 1815, Manila - Acapulco galleon trade makes the Philippine (as a colony
of Spain) the regional center of trade in Southeast Asia.
4. Goods such as spices from the Moluccas, pepper from Ceylon, ivory from China, and
India are transported going to Mexico. While the Philippines exports gold, wax,
cordage, and cotton textiles. But it was never an advantage on the part of Filipinos.
Some reasons are enumerated as follows:
▪ Polo y Servicio - Filipinos works in the shipyards forcibly. They cut and transport timber to the
coast and construction of the galleons, but they receive less than the Spanish Sailors. These
the reason why Pampanga revolt in 1660.
▪ Encomienda - It is a policy of reward for performing crown servants of Spain in a colony like
the Philippines. It is taking over a portion of land and its population for purposes of tribute,
census, and workers.
▪ Bandala - The provincial commodity quota. Filipinos are obligated to produce the quota of
goods but paid at a very low price.
Government
▪ THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

1. On August 30, 1896, Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco placed the eight
provinces of Philippines under martial law, namely Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija.
2. The uprising of hundreds of rebels and Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio
aiming for independence started at the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
3. Following Bonifacio's death in 1897, the Katipunan was headed by Emilio
Aguinaldo. Since then was a continuous state of war between the Filipinos and
Spaniards.
4. The Pack of the Biak – na – Bato on December 15, 1897. It was a truce that
brings Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong.
5. In 1889, war broke out between the United States of America and Spain.
Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines together with the Americans signaling
the resumption of Revolution against Spain on May 19, 1898.
Government
▪ THE AMERICAN PERIOD and THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

1. On August 13, 1889, the Mock Battle of Manila between America and Spanish
forces happened. Emphasizing that it is a mock battle because the engagement
already been planned to licensed America in their occupation to the country. It
was a fact that in the Treaty of Paris, America paid $20,000,000 to Spain in
exchange for the Philippines.
2. Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence at Cawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898(known as the Philippine provisionary government).
3. By January 4, 1899, American President McKinley sends a special message to
General Otis stating American sovereignty must be recognized in the
Philippines without conditions.
4. Declaration of war between the Philippines and America
Government
▪ THE AMERICAN PERIOD and THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

5. During those days, the revolutionary government was drafting the Malolos
Constitution until the inauguration of the Republic on January 23, 1899.
6. The Malolos constitution is the first important Filipino document ever produced
by the people's representatives.
7. Don Emilio Aguinaldo elected as the first President of the Republic of the
Philippines with all his cabinets and secretaries (bureaucracy).
8. However, Aguinaldo was defeated and captured eventually in Palanan,
Cagayan. He remained President of the Philippine First Republic until June of
1901.
Government
▪ AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

1. The Military Government was a temporary government established by the
Americans in the Philippines at first. It was until replaced with the Taft
Commission which started organizing local governments.
2. Some areas were placed under Military Governor. On the other hand, Pacified
areas were under the control of Civil Governors.
3. the U.S Congress enacted the Philippine Organic Act, which abolished the
Office of the military governor but created the Philippine assembly composed
of elected Filipino leaders. And the Taft Commission in the Philippine
Commission became the upper house. The Organic Act served as the Philippine
basic law until it was replaced by the 1935 Constitution.
Government
▪ THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC

1. On November 15, 1935 was the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth
Government.
2. America promised the Philippines liberation only if they are ready. It all started
with the Jones Law of 1916. And then the Tydings - McDuffie Act followed.
3. There were missions deployed to the U.S. to lobby for independence.
4. The Constitution of the Commonwealth established a presidential system of
Government. A unicameral legislature but was then replaced with the bicameral
legislature in 1940.
5. As the Filipinos were hoping for independence, the second world war broke out on
December 8, 1941. The aggressive Japanese tried to invade the Philippines.
Government
▪ THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC

1. That prompted President Manuel L. Quezon with his Cabinet left for the United
States. While the President was on exile, the commonwealth government
functioned to represent the country continually outside the country.
2. The Japanese capture Corregidor, Bataan, and the USAFFE defense collapse on
April 3, 1942.
3. Filipino organized into groups called guerillas and once again join forces with the
Americans. The largest guerilla group formed was called the HUKBALAHAP
(People's Anti-Japanese Army) led by Luis Taruc.
4. Philippines and the Americans were victorious. The World War II ended. However,
unexpectedly the Americans disarmed and imprisoned Luis Taruc and other leaders
and members of the Huk.
Government
▪ THE THIRD, FOURTH, & FIFTH REPUBLIC

Third Republic of the
Problems & Issues Actions
Philippines
The Roxas Administration  Facing the aftermath  Reorganized the government
( May28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) - He of war  Established the
was elected as the third President  Severe damages in all  Rehabilitation of Finance
of the Philippine Commonwealth, aspect of human Corporation (reorganized as
First President of the condition the Development Bank of the
Independent Philippines in 1958)
 Creation of the Department
Republic of the
of the Foreign Affairs
Philippines and the Central Bank of the

fifth president of the Philippines
Philippines
Government

Philippines
The Quirino  Low confidence in the  Established the Action Committee on Social
Administration (April government Amelioration
17, 1948 – December (insurgency) and  Established the Social Security Study
30, 1953) problems on Peace and Commission
Order due to socio –  Established the Labor Management Advisory
economic problems Board
specially in rural  Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
areas(labor disputes) Financing Administration
 Started the peace negotiation to persuade
HUKBALAHAP leaders by granting amnesty
 EDCOR (Economic Development Corps)
 LASEDECO (Land Settlement &
Development Corporation
Government

Philippines
The Magsaysay  Communism &  Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines
Administration insurgency  The Land Reform Act of 1955
(December 30, 1953 – (HUKBALAHAP)  Court of Agrarian Relations
March 17, 1957)  Land Reform Problems  National Resettlement & Rehabilitation
 Lack of funding for Administration (NARRA)
rehabilitation from  Manila Pact of 1954 that led to the
damages of WWII establishment of the (SEATO)
 Luis Taruk surrender in 1954
 The Laurel-Langley Agreement
Government

Philippines
The Garcia  Not good condition of  Filipino First Policy”
Administration economy  “Austerity Program”
(March 18, 1957 –  Corruption in  Anti Graft Corrupt Practices Act
December 30, 1961) Government  Bohlen – Serrano Agreement of 1959
 Imbalance condition of
product imports and
export
Government

Philippines
The Macapagal  Low living standards of  Agricultural Land Reform Code (n act
Administration the masses  establishing the Land Bank of the
(December 30, 1961 –  Lack of economic ability Philippines)
December 30, 1965  Unemployment  Emergency Employment Administration
 Devaluation of the (established the Philippine Veterans Bank)
Philippine Peso  National Cottage Industries Development
 Revocation of 350 Authority
midnight appointments  Philippine National Railway
 Lifted Foreign exchange to promote national
economic stability and growth
Government

Philippines
The Marcos  Unemployment  Reorganizes the government and the Armed
Administration  Destabilized Economy Forces, the Philippine Constabulary, the
(December 30, 1965 –  Rampant Corruption in Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the Bureau
February 25, 1986) the Government and of Customs
a. Became the First abuse of authority and  Devised construction programs and
President of the power irrigation projects
Fourth Republic and  Increased crime rates  Establishment of the Cultural Center of the
the tenth President (before martial law) due Philippines (1969)
of the Philippines to poverty  Investments Incentive Act
b. He is the longest  Police Act
serving President  Philippine Coast Guard
Note:
 The ratification of the 1973 Constitution marked the end of the
Third Republic and the beginning of the Bagong Lipunan (Martial
Law)
 Proclamation No. 20145 is lifting the Martial Law throughout the
country and marked the beginning also of “New” or “Fourth
Republic of the Philippines (1981)
 Edsa Revolution of 1986 successfully installed the new president in
the person of MRS. CORAZON C. AQUINO
Government

Fourth Republic of
the Problems & Issues Actions
Philippines
The Corazon C.  Political Turmoil  Commissioned a referendum that would be
Aquino  Displeased Citizens the framework of the new government (1987
Administration  Shortage/Rampant Constitution)
a. Second President Brownouts  Privatization
of the Fourth  Land Reform
Republic  Free Secondary Schooling
b. First President of
the Fifth Republic
Government

Fifth Republic of the
Philippines
President Fidel V.  Poverty  Social Reform Agenda
Ramos  Moro insurgency  Build – Operate Transport
a. 2nd President of  MNLF peace Agreement
the Fifth Republic
Government

Philippines
Joseph E. Estrada  Poverty  MILF All Out War
a. 3rd President of  Moro Insurgency  ERAP Para sa Mahirap
the Fifth Republic  Impeachment  Anti-Graft and Corruption Campaign
b. Was impeached in
November 12,
2000
Government

Philippines
Gloria M. Arroyo  Political unrest  All out Peace
a. 4th President of  Terrorism  Declared Martial Law in the region of
the Fifth Republic  Electoral fraud scandal Mindoro
b. The constitution  Charter Change
allows the controversial Plan
president to ran  Recession
for a second term
since was sworn
into office by
succession and
served in less
than 4 years.
Government
Philippines
Benigno Simeon C.  national leadership’s legitimacy was in  Pantawid pamilyang pilipino
Aquino III question; program (4ps)
a. 5th President of  confused people with half-truths and  Universal philhealth coverage
the Fifth Republic outright lies (financial risk protection)
 no lasting solutions for the many  Enhanced basic education (k-
problems of the country 12 program)
 weak democratic institutions that hold  Comprehensive agrarian
our leaders accountable reform program
 no vision of governance beyond  Housing program for informal
political survival and self-enrichment. settler families in danger areas
Political instability, corruption,  Matuwid na daan
inefficient government bureaucracy  Kung walang kurap walang
and weak rule of law characterized the mahirap
state of governance when he became  Transformational leadership
president (Philippine development
plan 2011-2016, chapter
Government

Philippines
Rodrigo R. Duterte  Poverty  Build, Build, Build Program
a. 6th President of  Proliferation of Drugs  All out war on drugs
Fifth Republic  Extra judicial Killings  RESBAKUNA
 Covid-19 Pandemic
 Terrorism
Government

Philippines
Ferdinand Marcos Jr. Current President of the
a. 7th President of country
Fifth Republic
EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT
▪ The executive departments of the Philippines are the largest

component of the executive branch of the government of the
Philippines.
▪ These departments comprise the largest part of the country's
bureaucracy.
▪ The secretaries of these departments are referred to as the
Cabinet of the Philippines—these two however, are not
synonymous to each other since some members of the Cabinet
does not have their own respective departments.
▪ Under the mandate of the 1973 Constitution during the presidency of

Ferdinand Marcos, executive departments were converted into
ministries from 1978 until the end of his administration. For example,
the Department of Education became the Ministry of Education, Culture
and Sports. Twenty-one departments have been established since then.
▪ Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests executive power on
the President of the Philippines. The President is the Head of State and
Head of Government, and functions as the commander-in-chief of the
Armed Forces of Philippines.
▪ As chief executive, the President exercises control over all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices.
The President of the Philippines

The President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote by the
people for a term of six years. He may only serve for one term, and
is ineligible for reelection. The term of the President of the
Philippines starts at noon of the 30th day of June after the
election.
QUALIFICATIONS
The qualifications for an individual aspiring to become the President and the
Vice-President of the Philippines are outlined in Article VII, Section 2 of the
1987 Constitution. According to the constitution, an individual may become
President and become Vice-President provided he/she meets the following
criteria:
1. natural born Filipino;
2. a registered voter;
3. must be able to read and write;
4. 40 years of age at the day of the election; and
5. must have resided in the Philippines ten years before the election is held.
Term of office
President - Six years. The term begins at noon on June 30
following the election. The president shall not be
eligible for reelection (Section 4, paragraph 1).
Vice President - Six years The vice president shall not serve for
more than two successive terms (Section 4,
paragraph 1)
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

Besides the constitution, the powers of the President of the
Philippines are specifically outlined in Executive Order No. 292, s.
1987, otherwise known as the Administrative Code of 1987.
1. Power of control over the executive branch

The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control
over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. This
includes restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of
their respective officials. The Administrative Code also provides
for the President to be responsible for the abovementioned
offices’ strict implementation of laws.
2. Power ordinance power

The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive
issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs
of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may
issue. They are the following as defined in the Administrative Code
of 1987:
▪ Executive Orders
▪ Administrative Orders
▪ Proclamations
▪ Memorandum Orders
▪ Memorandum Circulars
▪ General or Special Orders
Executive orders — Acts of the President providing for rules of a general

or permanent character in implementation or execution of
constitutional or statutory powers shall be promulgated in executive
orders.
Administrative orders — Acts of the President which relate to particular
aspects of governmental operations in pursuance of his duties as the
administrative head shall be promulgated in administrative orders.
Proclamations — Acts of the President fixing a date or declaring a status
or condition of public moment or interest, upon the existence of which
the operation of a specific law or regulation is made to depend, shall be
promulgated in proclamations which shall have the force of an
executive order.
Memorandum orders — Acts of the President on matters of

administrative detail, or of subordinate or temporary interest which only
concern a particular officer or government office shall be embodied in
memorandum orders.
Memorandum circulars — Acts of the President on matters relating to
internal administration, which the President desires to bring to the
attention of all or some of the departments, agencies, bureaus, or
offices of the government, for information or compliance, shall be
embodied in memorandum circulars.
General or special orders — Acts and commands of the President in his
capacity as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
shall be issued as general or special orders.
It is important to note that during the term of President

Ferdinand E. Marcos, he used executive issuances known as
presidential decrees as a form of legislation. These decrees have
the full force and effect of laws because at the time the legislature
did not exist and, when the 1973 Constitution was put into full
force and effect, it gave the power to the President to do as such.
This continued until the first year of President Corazon C. Aquino’s
term. However, President Aquino opted to used executive orders
instead of presidential decrees. President Aquino’s executive
orders, however, still had the full force and effect of laws until the
ratification of the 1987 Constitution.
3. Power over aliens The President of the Philippines has certain

powers over non-Filipinos in the Philippines. The powers he
may exercise over foreigners in the country are as follows:
 The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported from
the country after due process.
 The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by law,

from a non-immigrant status to a permanent resident status without
necessity of visa.
 The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners of

the Bureau of Immigration before their decision becomes final and
executory (after 30 days of the issuance of the decision). The Board of
Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration has jurisdiction over all
deportation cases.
 The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987 to

exercise powers as recognized by the generally accepted principles of
international law.
4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery of

ill-gotten wealth
▪ Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine when it is
necessary or advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain in
behalf of the national government, and direct the solicitor general,
whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute expropriation
proceedings in the proper court.
▪ Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The President shall
direct the solicitor general to institute escheat or reversion
proceedings over all lands transferred or assigned to persons
disqualified under the constitution to acquire land.
▪ Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the

government —
– The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or
public use, and for specific public purposes, any of the lands of the
public domain, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law. The
reserved land shall thereafter remain subject to the specific public
purpose indicated until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.
– He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other disposition
and for specific public uses or purposes, any land belonging to the
private domain of the government, or any of the friar lands, the use
of which is not otherwise directed by law, and thereafter such land
shall be used for the purposes specified by such proclamation until
otherwise provided by law.
▪ Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor
general to institute proceedings to recover properties unlawfully
acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their
nominees or transferees.
5. Power of appointment
The President may appoint officials of the Philippine

government as provided by the constitution and laws of the
Philippines. Some of these appointments, however, may need
the approval of the Committee on Appointments (a
committee composed of members from the House of
Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).
6. Power of general supervision over local governments
The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the

mandate to supervise local governments in the Philippines,
despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic Act
No. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of
1991.
6. Other powers
Aside from the aforementioned powers of the President of the

Philippines, he can also exercise powers enumerated in the
constitution, and powers given to him by law.
Line of Succession
The constitution provides for a line of succession in the event that the
elected President of the Philippines is not able to discharge the duties of
his office due to death, disability, or resignation.
The following is the line of succession:
1. Vice President — in cases of the death, disability, or resignation of the
President
2. Senate President — in cases of the death, disability, or resignation of
the President and Vice President
3. Speaker of the House of Representatives — in cases of the death,
disability, or resignation of the President, Vice President, and Senate
President
Contrary to popular belief, the constitution doesn’t

include the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the
President’s line of succession. The Congress of the Philippines
is mandated enact a law calling for a special election three
days after the vacancy in the Office of the President and Vice
President. The special election should occur 40 days after the
enactment of the law, but not later than 60 days after the
enactment of the law.
THE LEGISLATIVE
THE LEGISLATIVE
Legislative power
▪ According to Section 1 of Article VI of the 1987
Philippine Constitution: “The legislative power shall be
vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall
consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives,
except to the extent reserved to the people by the
provision on initiative and referendum.”
THE LEGISLATIVE
Legislative power
▪ The legislative power is vested in a bicameral body,
the Congress of the Philippines, which is composed of
two houses -- the House of Senate (upper chamber)
and the House of Representatives (lower chamber).
The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or
rejects Presidential appointments, and has the
authority to declare war. The Congress of the
Philippines is the country's highest lawmaking body.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Senate –The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be

elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be
provided by law.
The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the constitution, are:

1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. at least thirty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write
4. a registered voter; and
5. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election
day.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Senate –The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be

elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be
provided by law.
The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the constitution, are:

2. at least thirty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write
4. a registered voter; and
5. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election
day.
THE LEGISLATIVE
House of Representatives– The House of Representatives shall be

composed of not more than two hundred and fifty (250)members,
unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative
districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the
Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their
respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and
progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be
elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional,
and sectoral parties or organizations.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Meanwhile, the constitution provides for the following criteria to become a

member of the House of Representatives:

2. at least twenty-five years old;
3. is able to read and write; and
4. except the party-list representatives, a registered voter and a
resident for at least one year in the district where s/he shall be
elected.
THE LEGISLATIVE
▪ The party-list congressmen represent the minority sectors of the

population.
▪ The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the

total number of representatives including those under the party list. For
three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-
half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as
provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban
poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other
sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Legislative process
▪ Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make sure the spirit
of the constitution is upheld in the country and, at times, amend or
change the constitution itself. In order to craft laws, the legislative body
comes out with two main documents: bills and resolutions.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Resolutions convey principles and sentiments of the Senate or

the Representatives. These resolutions can further be
divided into three different elements:
▪ joint resolutions
▪ concurrent resolutions
▪ simple resolutions
THE LEGISLATIVE
▪ Joint resolutions — require the approval of both chambers of Congress and

the signature of the President, and have the force and effect of a law if
approved.
▪ Concurrent resolutions — used for matters affecting the operations of both

chambers of Congress and must be approved in the same form by both
houses, but are not transmitted to the President for his signature and
therefore have no force and effect of a law.
▪ Simple resolutions — deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of

one chamber of Congress, are not referred to the President for his
signature, and therefore have no force and effect of a law.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Bills are laws in the making. They pass into law when they are
approved by both houses and the President of the
Philippines. A bill may be vetoed by the President, but the
House of Representatives may overturn a presidential veto
by garnering a 2/3rds vote. If the President does not act on
a proposed law submitted by Congress, it will lapse into law
after 30 days of receipt.
THE LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS OF THE BILL BECOMING A LAW
1. First Reading
2. Referral to Appropriate Committee
3. Second Reading
4. Debates
5. Printing and Distribution
6. Third Reading
7. Referral to the Other House
8. Submission to Joint Bicameral
9. Submission to the President
THE LEGISLATIVE
1. First Reading - Any member of either house may present a proposed

bill, signed by him, for First Reading and reference to the proper
committee. During the First Reading, the principal author of the bill
may propose the inclusion of additional authors thereof.
2. Referral to Appropriate Committee - Immediately after the First

Reading, the bill is referred to the proper committee or committees for
study and consideration. If disapproved in the committee, the bill dies
a natural death unless the House decides other wise, following the
submission of the report.
THE LEGISLATIVE
3. Second Reading - If the committee reports the bill favorably, the bills is
forwarded to the Committee on Rules so that it may be calendared for
deliberation on Second Reading. At this stage, the bill is read for the
second time in its entirely, together with the amendments, if any,
proposed by the committee, unless the reading is dispensed with by a
majority vote of the House.
4. Debates - A general debate is then opened after the Second Reading

and amendments may be proposed by any member of Congress. The
insertion of changes or amendments shall be done in accordance with
the rules of either House. The House may either "kill" or pass the bill.
THE LEGISLATIVE
5. Printing and Distribution - After approval of the bill on Second

Reading, the bills is then ordered printed in its final form and copies of
it are distributed among the members of the House three days before
its passage, except when the bill was certified by the President. A bill
approved on Second Reading shall be included in the calendar of bills
for Third Reading.
6. Third Reading - At this stage, only the title of the bill is read. Upon the
last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto is allowed and the vote
thereon is taken immediately thereafter, and yeas and nays entered in
the journal. A member may abstain. As a rule, a majority of the
members constituting a quorum is sufficient to pass a bill.
THE LEGISLATIVE
7. Referral to the Other House - If approved, the bill is then referred to

the other House where substantially the same procedure takes place.
8. Submission to Joint Bicameral Committee - Differences, if any,

between the House's bill and the Senate's amended version, and vice
versa are submitted to a conference committee of members of both
Houses for compromise. If either House accepts the changes made by
the other, no compromise is necessary.
THE LEGISLATIVE
9. Submission to the President - A bill approved on Third Reading by both

Houses shall be printed and forthwith transmitted to the President for
his action - approval or disapproval. If the President does not
communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated
within 30 days from receipt thereof, it shall become a law as if he
signed it. Bill repassed by Congress over the veto of the President
automatically becomes a law.
THE LEGISLATIVE
How important is the lawmaking function of Congress?

▪ It passes laws that regulate the conduct of and relations between the private
citizens and the government.
▪ It defines and punishes crimes against the state and against persons and their
property. It determines the taxes people should pay for the maintenance of the
government.
▪ It appropriates the money to be spent for public purposes.
▪ It can reorganize, create, or abolish offices under the civil service.
▪ And it can create and abolish courts, except the Supreme Court.
▪ Finally, it is only Congress which was given by the Philippine Constitution the
sole power to declare war and to authorize the President - in case of national
emergency or war - to issue executive orders embodying rules and regulations
intended to carry out the national policy.
THE LEGISLATIVE
Other responsibilities
Aside from lawmaking, Congress is also given several powers and responsibilities
in certain situations.
1. Congress has the power to remove from office impeachable government officials,
including the President, Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members
of constitutional commissions, and the Ombudsman
2. Congress has the “sole power to declare the existence of a state of war
3. Congress can revoke the President’s proclamation of martial law by a vote of at least
a majority of all members of the Senate and the House
4. Congress may authorize the President to exercise powers to carry out a declared
national policy “for a limited period and subject to restrictions" in times of war or
other national emergency.
5. Congressional committees can conduct hearings "in aid of legislation” on various
issues that affect the nation and release a report based on findings.
THE JUDICIARY
LESSON 1
THE ROLES AND

RESPONSIBILITIES OF
THE PHILIPPINE
JUDICIARY
LESSON 1
Judicial power rests with the Supreme

Court and the lower courts, as established
by law (Art. VIII, Sec. 1 of the 1987
Constitution). Its duty is to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are
legally demandable and enforceable (Art.
VIII, Sec.1 (2).
RULES AND PROCEDURES
The Rules of Court of the Philippines, as

amended and the rules and regulations issued by
the Supreme Court, define the rules and
procedures of the judiciary. These rules and
regulations are in the form of administrative
matters, administrative orders, circulars,
memorandum circulars, memorandum orders,
and OCA circulars.
Appointments to the Judiciary
By virtue of Article VIII, Section 8,

appointments to the judiciary are made by the
President of the Philippines based on a list
submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council
which is under the supervision of the Supreme
Court. Its principal function is to screen
prospective appointees to any judicial post.
Appointments to the Judiciary
It is composed of the chief justice as ex-officio

chairman, the Secretary of Justice and
representatives of Congress as ex-officio
members, and a representative of the Integrated
Bar, a professor of law, a retired member of the
Supreme Court and a representative of the
private sector as members.
Katarungang Pambarangay
Presidential Decree No. 1508, or the Katarungang

Pambarangay Law, took effect on December 11, 1978, and
established a system of amicably settling disputes at the
barangay level. This decree and the Local Government Code
provided rules and procedures, Title I, Chapter 7, Sections
339-422. This system of amicable settlement of dispute aims
to promote the speedy administration of justice by easing the
congestion of court dockets. The court does not take
cognizance of cases filed if they are not filed first with the
Katarungang Pambarangay.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System
Republic Act No. 9285 institutionalized the use

of an alternative dispute resolution system, which
serves to promote the speedy and impartial
administration of justice and unclog the court
dockets. This act shall be without prejudice to
the adoption of the Supreme Court of any ADR
system such as mediation, conciliation,
arbitration or any combination thereof.
THE SUPREME COURT
A.ROYAL AUDENCIA
The royal audencia was established on May 5, 1583,

composed of a president, four oidores (justices) and a
fiscal. The audencia exercised both administrative
and judicial functions. Its functions and structure
were modified in 1815 when a chief justice replaced
its president and the number of justices was
increased. It came to be known as the Audencia
Territorial de Manila with two branches, civil and
criminal.
A.ROYAL AUDENCIA
A royal decree issued on July 24, 1861

converted it to a purely judicial body with
its decisions appealable to the Court of
Spain in Madrid. A territorial audencia in
Cebu and audencia for criminal cases in
Vigan were organized on February 26,
1898.
B.PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION AND FIRST
REPUBLIC
In the three phases of the revolution: 1896-1897; 1898;

1899-1901, the exigencies of war prevented the
thorough organization of the administration of justice.
Katipunan councils, then the provisional governments
of Tejeros, Biak-na-Bato, and the Revolutionary
Republic proclaimed in Kawit, essentially had General
Emilio Aguinaldo exercising decree-making powers
instituting ad hoc courts and reviewing any appeals
concerning their decisions.
B. PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION AND FIRST
REPUBLIC
In 1899, when the Malolos Constitution was

ratified, it provided for a Supreme Court of
Justice. President Aguinaldo proposed the
appointment of Apolinario Mabini as Chief
Justice, but the appointment and the convening
of the Supreme Court of Justice never
materialized because of the Philippine-
American War.
C. AMERICAN MILITARY RULE
During the Philippine-American War, General

Wesley Merritt suspended the audencias when a
military government was established after Manila
fell to American forces in August, 1898. Major
General Elwell S. Otis re-established the
Audencia on May 29, 1899 by virtue of General
Order No. 20, which provided for six Filipino
members of the audencia.
D. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
SUPREME COURT
With the establishment of civil government,

Act No. 136 of the Philippine Commission
abolished the audencia and established the
present Supreme Court on June 11, 1901,
with Cayetano Arellano as the first chief
justice together with associate justices—the
majority of whom were Americans.
E. COMMONWEALTH: FILIPINIZATION OF
THE SUPREME COURT
With the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, the

membership was increased to 11 with two divisions of
five members each. The Supreme Court was
Filipinized upon the inauguration of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines on November 15,
1935. The composition of the court was reduced by
virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 3. It provided for a
Supreme Court, headed by a chief justice with six
associate justices.
F. WORLD WAR II AND THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
During World War II, the National Assembly

passed legislation granting emergency powers to
President Manuel L. Quezon; Chief Justice Jose
Abad Santos was made concurrent Secretary of
Justice and acting President of the Philippines in
unoccupied areas. After his capture and execution
at the hands of the Japanese, the Commonwealth
government-in-exile had no system of courts.
F. WORLD WAR II AND THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
Meanwhile, the Japanese organized the Philippine

Executive Commission in occupied areas on January 8,
1942, which gave way to the Second Republic in
October 14, 1943. By the end of World War II, the
regular function of the courts had been restored,
beginning with the appointment of a new Supreme
Court on June 6, 1945. On September 17, 1945, the laws
of the Second Republic were declared null and void; a
Supreme Court decision on Co Kim Cham v. Eusebio
Valdez Tan Keh and Arsenio P. Dizon recognized this.
G. MARTIAL LAW
The Supreme Court was retained during the martial law years
under rules similar to the 1935 Constitution, but with the
exception few key factors, e.g.:
The 1973 Constitution further increased the membership of
the Supreme Court to 15, with two divisions;
The process by which a chief justice and associate justices are
appointed was changed under to grant the president
(Ferdinand Marcos during this time) the sole authority to
appoint members of the Supreme Court. There were five chief
justices that were appointed under this provision.
H. PRESENT-DAY SUPREME COURT
Pursuant to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution,
the Supreme Court is composed of a chief Justice and
14 associate justices who serve until the age of 70.
The court may sit en banc or in one of its three
divisions composed of five members each. The chief
justice and associate justices are appointed by the
President of the Philippines, chosen from a shortlist
submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. The
president must fill up a vacancy within 90 days of
occurrence.
POWERS OF THE SUPREME COURT
Exercise jurisdiction over cases affecting
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition,
mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm, on
appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of
Court may provide, final judgments and orders
of the lower courts in:
▪ All cases in which the constitutionality or
validity of any treaty, international or executive
agreement, law, presidential decree,
proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or
regulation is in question;
▪ All cases involving the legality of any tax,
impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty
imposed in relation thereto;
▪ All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower
court is in issue;
▪ All criminal cases in which the penalty
imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher;
▪ All cases in which only an error or question of
law is involved;
Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to
other stations as public interest may require.
Such temporary assignments shall not exceed six
months without the consent of the judge
concerned.
Order a change of venue or place of trial to
avoid a miscarriage of justice.
Promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading,
practice, and procedure in all courts; the admission to
the practice of law, the Integrated Bar; and legal
assistance to the underprivileged. Such rules shall
provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the
speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all
courts the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase
or modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of
special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain
effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
PRESENT JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME
COURT

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Politics and Governance

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The Concept of Politics

Government denotes a group of representatives or

▪ In a government, the leaders are elected by the

▪ Government is responsible for framing the various

▪ Governance is a framework which consists of rules,

▪ Governance is the framework formed by the

Example Democratic Government, National Health Policy,

▪ The government consists of elected representatives who governs

▪ The main purpose of the government is to ensure the welfare and

▪ Though government and governance are related to each

▪ Both are necessary for the sustainability of the

What is Political Ideology?

What is Political Ideology?

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist

Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based

1. Conservatism and Liberalism

2. Fascism and Socialism

3. Anarchism and Feminism

Power is the capacity for influence and that influence is

Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the

Power has its dimensions, which makes us

1. Agenda- This refers to the motive of

2. Decision-making- This refers to the

3. Manipulation- This is from the means

1. Legitimate power- This is the type or

2. Referent power- When an individual is

3. Expert power- From the word itself,

4. Coercive power- The word coercive

5. Reward power- This type of power

Similarities in the inherent Powers of the State

Limitations in the exercise of the inherent powers of

Characteristics of Police Power

“Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas”

c. Police Power may sometimes use taxing power as an implement

• On Public Morals – those punishing public scandal, vagrancy

“It is the highest and most exact idea of property remaining

a. Territory – requires that the person or property taxed

Taxes – are the enforced proportional contributions from

a. Fiscal Adequacy – means that the source s of revenue

Essential elements of a State

People – refers simply to the inhabitants of the state. While there is

People must come from both sexes to be able to perpetuate

Essential elements of a State

As a practical requirement of territory, it must be neither

The National Territory

The Philippine Constitution requires our

Functions of the Government

▪ ACTIVITY 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS. Identify what was affected in the following

Globalization is the process through which societies have become so intertwined or

Globalization integrates States by interchange of world views, products, ideas and

1. Declining relevance of geographical distance;

Example: McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called as rationalization that

The developed States enjoys the advantage in the balance of opportunities

To gain upper hand in economic competitiveness, developed states adopted

Developed countries are the markets of Multi-national corporations which in

The impact of globalization in developing countries in terms in economy is far

In a short bond paper, make a

▪ PRE - COLONIAL PERIOD