Research Methods

form the structure and the researcher’s

method of answering his questions and
conducting studies
categorized according to the procedure the
researcher collects and analyzes data and
his research purpose; and could either be:
a. Qualitative Method
b. Quantitative Method
c. Mixed Method
Qualitative Methods
 is a process of naturalistic inquiry that
seeks in-depth understanding of social
phenomena within their natural setting.

It focuses on the “why’ rather than on the

“what” of social phenomena and relies on
the direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their every day
lives.
Quantitative Methods
 Quantitative methods emphasize objective
measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational
techniques.
 quantitative research is the systematic
empirical investigation of observable
phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques.
Mixed Methods

- Employs collection and analysis of both

quantitative and qualitative data

- Insufficient evidence can be addressed

through the TRIANGULATION of both
quantitative and qualitative data
(collecting and analyzing data from
different perspectives)
Research Design

- is the specific format and

procedures for data collection and
data analysis and interpretation
- 3 Types:
A. Experiments (true experiments)
B. Quasi-Experiments
C. Non-Experiments
Experimental Research Design

- Experimental research designs offer

the best method to investigate
causality due to high degree of
control.
- Subjects are always both randomly
allocated (Randomisation) into the
different groups and randomly
selected (Sampled)
Quasi-Experimental Research Design

- The researcher in quasi-

experiments has little control
over the ‘when’ and ‘to whom’
the treatment is directed.
- No Treatment Randomisation
- Assignment to a group is
predetermined
Non-Experimental Research Design

- Used in investigating possible

associations
Experimental Method

- is a systematic and scientific

approach to research in which the
researcher manipulates one or
more variable, and, controls and
measures any change in other
variable
Parts of the Experiment
1. Independent Variable (stimulus or
treatment) – A condition or treatment
introduced into the experiment
2. Dependent Variable – outcome that
change in response to treatment
3. Pretest – measurement of the dependent
variable prior to the introduction of the
independent variable
Parts of the Experiment
4. Posttest - measurement of the
dependent variable after to the
introduction of the independent variable
5. Experimental Group – the group that
receives the independent variable
6. Control Group – the group that does
not receive the independent variable
 Characteristics of Experimental
Method
1. It has two important and necessary ‘”actors”: the
“controlled’ (receives the treatment, usually in an
ordinary treatment) and “experimental” (receives the
treatment under investigation and is expected to gain
something) variables

2. The experimental, or independent variable, is

manipulated and applied to a dependent variable, while
the latter is held constant

3. The effects of the independent variable on the dependent

variable is measured, and is usually the criterion measure
for an experimental design.
4. Experimental designs are usually
numeric and caters sophisticated
statistical design.

5. Usually, experimental designs are

limited to small samples.

6. Experimental designs are labor

intensive since it is done in the
laboratory.
Types of Experimental Design
1. Single-group Design
2. Two-group Design
3. Two-pair-group Design
4. Parallel-group Design
5. Solomon Four-Group Design
6. Factorial Design
7. Pre-test-Post-test Design
8. Counterbalanced or Latin Square Design
9. Completely Randomized Design
10. Randomized Complete Block Design
11. Correlational Design
1. Single-Group Design
- this design involves a single
treatment with two or more levels
- Example: An investigator/researcher
wants to determine the effectiveness
of the different methods of farming.
Single group design

Treat Trials Mean

ment
1

3
2. Two-Group Design
- two comparable groups are employed
as an experimental and control
groups or two comparable groups are
both experimental groups
- Example: A researcher wants to
determine the effectiveness of
fertilizer using the organic
(experimental) and inorganic
(control) fertilizer.
 Two-Group Design

Group Trials Mean

Experime
ntal
Group

Control
Group
3. Two-Pair–Group Design
-this design is an elaboration of the
two-group design wherein there are two
control groups and two experimental
groups
Example: An investigator wishes to study
the acceptability, fragrance and economics
of a bath soap of dove and camay when
added to water.
4. Parallel-Group Design
-this is a design in which two or more
groups are used at the same time with only a
single variable (control group)manipulated
or changed. The experimental group varies
while the parallel group serves as control
for comparative purposes
Example: An investigator wishes to determine
the effectiveness of organic and inorganic
fertilizer. 1 group using inorganic and 2
groups using organic fertilizer.
Parallel-Group Design

Control Group Experimental Groups

A B C
X X X

X X X
5. Solomon Four-Group Design
-this design allows the measurement of
the effects of pre-testing by
investigating the difference between
posttest results of groups 2 and 4
Group Pretest Treatment Posttest

Pretested Experimental O X O
Group = E (R)
Pretested Control Group = C O O
(R)
Un-pretested Experimental X O
Group = UE (R)
Un-pretested Control Group O
= UC (R)
6. Factorial Design
-this design allows the measurement of the effects of two
factors
One Factor Design- e.g. investigating the effect weight
training has on the size of Gastrocnemious muscle
Two Factor Design - e.g. investigating the effect weight
training and a special diet have on the size of
Gastrocnemious muscle
Group Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

1 Pretest Diet + Training Posttest

2 Pretest Diet Posttest

3 Pretest Training Posttest

4 Pretest No Treatment (Control) Posttest

7. Pretest-Posttest Design
- It is an experiment where measurements
are taken both before and after a
treatment.
- The design means that you are able to see
the effects of some type of treatment on a
group.
8. Counterbalanced or Latin Square Design
It involves an exchange of two or more
treatments taken by the subjects during
the experiment. The arrangement
employed is Latin square in which each
variable is a form of square occurring
once in each row or column.
also called quasi-experimental design
9. Complete Randomized Design
(CRD)
The simplest design for comparative
experiments, as it uses only two basic
principles of experimental designs:
randomization and replication.

There is no control in this design but the

subjects will undergo randomization
procedures.
9. Complete Randomized Design
(CRD)
Through Randomization Procedure,
treatments are assigned to experimental
units completely at random.
Every experimental unit has the same
probability of receiving any treatment.
Randomization is performed using a
random number table, computer, program,
etc.
Example of Complete Randomized Design (CRD)
Given you have 4 treatments (A, B, C,
and D) and 5 replicates, how many
experimental units would you have?
Note that there is no “blocking” of
experimental units into replicates.
Every experimental unit has the same
probability of receiving any treatment.
10. Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD)
 Probably the most used and useful of the
experimental designs.
 Takes advantage of grouping similar experimental
units into blocks or replicates.
 The blocks of experimental units should be as
uniform as possible.
 The purpose of grouping experimental units is to
have the units in a block as uniform as possible so
that the observed differences between treatments
will be largely due to “true” differences between
treatments.
Randomization Procedure in RCBD
Each replicate is randomized separately.
Each treatment has the same probability of
being assigned to a given experimental unit
within a replicate.
Each treatment must appear at least once per
replicate.
For example, given four fertilizer rates applied
to ‘Amidon’ wheat and three replicates of each
treatment.
Replicate1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3
A B A A=0 kg N/ha
D A B B=50 kg N/ha
C=100 kg N/ha
C D C D=150 kg N/ha
B C D
Example of RCBD
An experiment with 4 treatments (A, B, C, D)
and 4 blocks.

-Number in upper left-hand corner are plot numbers.

-Letters are treatments
11. Correlational Design
This experimental design is used to
determine the relationship of two
dependent variables, X and Y, on how
they are manipulated by the independent
variable.
This means to study whether an increase
or decrease in one variable corresponds to
an increase or decrease in the other
variable.
11. Correlational Design
Examples of Correlational Studies
Is smoking associated with Alzheimer's
disease?
Do blueberries really prolong life? Or, is
it that people who can afford those
expensive blueberries have longer lives
due to other factors, such as access to
good quality healthcare?
Examples of Correlational Studies
Positive Both variables As height increa
correlation change in the ses, weight also
same direction increases

Negative The variables As coffee

correlation change in consumption inc
opposite reases, tiredness
directions decreases
Zero correlation There is no Coffee
relationship consumption is
between the not correlated
variables with height
How to determine the suitable
research design?
 Compare the objectives, expected outcomes and
procedures of the different types of research
designs.

 Look into the problem statement, hypotheses and

objectives of the research and available resources
of time, money, and access to information.

 Evaluate the research concerns on the type of

research.
THE END…………

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