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Pnu Let Review
EDUCATION
CHILD AND
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
ADULTHOOD
ADOLESCENCE
PUBERTY
CHILDHOOD
BABYHOOD
INFANCY
PRE-NATAL
CHILD &
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPTS
CONCEPTS:
• Growth • Attachment
• Development • Psychosexual Theory
• Maturation • Psychosocial Theory
• ZPD • Ecological Theory
• Heredity • Sociohistoric- Cognitive/
Linguistic Theory
• Environment
• Other Theories
• Theory
• Ethological Theory
GROWTH
✔ Pertains to the physical change and increase in size
✔ Can be measured quantitatively
✔ Indicators of growth are height, weight, bone size and
dentition
DEVELOPMENT
✔ Involves increase in the complexity of function and skill
progression
✔ The capacity and skill of a person to adapt to the
environment
✔ Pertains to the behavioral aspect of growth
MATURATION
✔ Consists of changes that occur relatively independent
of the environment
✔ Usually considered to be genetically programmed- the
result of heredity
HEREDITY
✔ The process of transmitting biological traits from parents
to offspring through genes, the basic units of heredity
ENVIRONMENT
✔ Refers to the surrounding condition that influences
growth and development
THEORY
✔ Ideas based on observations and other kinds of
evidences which are organized in a systematic manner
✔ Used to explain and predict the behaviors and
development of children and adults
ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
✔ Zone of proximal development wherein the child
acquires new skills and information with the help or
assistance of an adult or an adult peer
CHILD &
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
PRINCIPLES OF
GROWTH and
DEVELOPMENTp.5
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
⚪ PRINCIPLE OF REPRODUCTION
“LIKE BEGETS LIKE”
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
⚪ PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION
“No two individuals are exactly alike.”
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
⚪ PRINCIPLE OF CHANCE
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
⚪ Dominance and Recessiveness
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY
⚪ Principle of Sex-linked Characteristics
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
✔ Development is an orderly process
which follows a predictable patterns:
✔ CEPHALO-
CAUDAL TREND
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
✔ Development is an orderly process
which follows a predictable patterns:
✔ PROXIMO – DISTAL TREND
PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
Prenatal stage
• The prenatal period in many aspects is
considered as one of the most- if not the
most, important period of all in the life span of
a person.
• This person begins at conception and ends at
birth and approximately 270 to 280 days in
length or nine calendar months.
PRE-NATAL STAGE
(fertilization – birth)
⚪ GERMINAL PERIOD
Fertilization – end of 2nd wk.
⚪ EMBRYONIC PERIOD
End of 2nd wk. – end of 2nd mo.
⚪ FETAL PERIOD
End of 2nd mo. – birth
GERMINAL PERIOD
Fertilization – end of 2nd wk.
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
End of 2nd wk. – end of 2nd mo.
FETAL PERIOD
End of 2nd mo. – birth
3 WEEKS 6 WEEKS 8 WEEKS
BIRTH
infancy stage
• Infancy is the transition period
intervening between birth and two
weeks of life and identified as the
shortest of all developmental period.
• The roots of language are crying,
cooing and babbling.
STAGE 2: INFANCY STAGE
(Birth – end of 2nd week)
⚪ PARTUNATE
PERIOD :
Birth up to 15
– 30 minutes
⚪ NEONATAL
PERIOD :
From cutting
& tying of the
umbilical
cord up to the end
of second week.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
OF INFANTS
⚪ ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR
developed psychologically between an
infant and the caregiver.
⚪ PRE-PUBESCENT :
overlaps with the
closing year or two of
childhood stage.
⚪ PUBESCENT :
The exact dividing line
between childhood and
adolescence.
⚪ POST-PUBESCENT:
overlaps the opening
year or two of the
adolescence stage.
STAGE 6: PUBERTY 10/12 to 13/14
⚪ BOYS’ CONCERNS
⚪ NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS
⚪ SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
⚪ LACK OF INTERESTS IN GIRLS
STAGE 6: PUBERTY 10/12 to 13/14
⚪ GIRLS’ CONCERNS
⚪ MENARCHE
⚪ MENSTRUATION
⚪ SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
⚪ LACK OF SEX APPEAL
STAGE 6: PUBERTY 10/12 to 13/14
⚪ PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
⚪ Tendency to develop unfavorable
concepts
⚪ To become underachievers
⚪ Unwillingness to accept changed
bodies or socially approved sex
roles
⚪ Deviant sexual maturing
ADOLESCENCE
• Adolescence is the age when the individual
becomes integrated into society of adults; the
age when the child no longer feels that he is
below the level of his elders but equal, at least
in rights.
• The developmental tasks of adolescence are
focused on the developing independence in
preparation for adulthood and in establishing a
sense of identity.
STAGE 7: ADOLESCENCE
⚪ EARLY
ADOLESCENCE:
“TEEN-AGE
YEARS” (13-17)
⚪ LATE
ADOLESCENCE:
Covers from 17
years of age up to
age of “Legal
Maturity”.
STAGE 7: ADOLESCENCE
⚪ RECREATIONAL
INTERESTS
⚪ PERSONAL
INTERESTS
⚪ SOCIAL INTERESTS
⚪ EDUCATIONAL
INTERESTS
⚪ VOCATIONAL
INTERESTS
⚪ RELIGIOUS
INTERESTS
⚪ INTERESTS IN
STATUS SYMBOLS
ADULTHOOD
• The need for love and intimacy are met in adult
life, becomes more fulfilling in marriage, with
the involvement of commitment
• The need for generativity is through
achievement. Burn out and alienation become a
problem with work.
• Moral development possesses responsibility for
the welfare of others..
STAGE 8: ADULTHOOD
⚪ EARLY ADULTHOOD:
18 – 40 Years old
⚪ MIDDLE ADULTHOOD:
40 – 60 Years old
⚪ LATE ADULTHOOD:
60 years old -
Death
EARLY ADULTHOOD
18 – 40 Years old
⚪ REPRODUCTIVE AGE
⚪ SETTLING DOWN-AGE
STAGE 9: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
40 – 60 Years old
⚪ PERIOD OF SOCIAL
ISOLATION
⚪ PERIOD OF EMPTY-NEST
OLD AGE
• Composed of individuals at and over
the age of 65, most of whom have
retired from work
• Most individuals in this late years
begin to show slow, physical,
intellectual and social activities.
STAGE 10: LATE ADULTHOOD
60 years old - Death
⚪ PERIOD OF
DECLINE
⚪ THE CLOSING
CURTAIN OF THE
LIFE-SPAN
CHILD &
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
p.2
The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
▪ Freud’s theory
proposed that
childhood
sexuality and
unconscious
motivations
influence
personality
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY - Freud
ID
EGO
SUPER EGO
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
ID EGO SUPEREGO
Impulsive Rational Oughts/Shoulds
Pleasure-oriented Planning Right/Wrong
Mostly Mostly Mostly
unconscious conscious unconscious
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
SUPER EGO
E
CONSCIENCE G
EGO IDEAL O
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Personality Structure
Id
Personality Development
Cognitive Theory of
Development
Sensorimotor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Children actively construct their
cognitive world using…
– Schemas – concepts or
frameworks that organize
information
– Assimilation – incorporate new
info into existing schemas
– Accommodation – adjust existing
schemas to incorporate new
information
⚪ Key
Stage
development:
1: Sensorimotor (0-2)
Object
Permanence
● objects
continue to
exist even
when not
visible
Object Permanence: Introduction
What if
Am I a good girl everybody
(10-13 yrs.old) or boy? did it?
A law must be
for the greatest Don’t do unto
good for the others what you
(13-above) don’t want others
greatest number
do unto you.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CHILD &
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
ANALYZING
TEST ITEMS
1. Dr. Escoto, the school physician
conducted a physical examination in Ms.
Manuel’s class. What concept best
describes the quantitative increase
observed by Dr. Escoto among the
learners in terms of height and weight?
A. Development C. Learning
B. Growth D. Maturation
2. Which situation best illustrates the
concept of growth?
A. A kinder pupil gains 2 pounds within two
months.
B. A high school student gets a score of 85 in a
mental ability test.
C. An education student has gained knowledge
on approaches and strategies in teaching
different subjects.
D. An elementary grader has learned to play
piano.
3. Which statements below best
describes development?
A. A high school student’s height increased
from 5’2” to 5’4”
B. A high school student’s change in weight
from 110 lbs. to 125 lbs
C. A student had learned to operate the
computer.
D. A student’s enlargement of hips
4. What concept can best describes
Francisco’s ability to walk without a
support at age of 12 months because of
the “internal ripening” that occurred in his
muscles, bones and nervous system
development?
A. Development C. Learning
B. Growth D. Maturation
5. Teacher Jesus in now 69 years old
has been observing changes in himself
such as the aging process. Which term
refers to the development change in
the individual?
A. Development C. Learning
B. Growth D. Maturation
6. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a
child between birth to two years that is during
the sensorimotor period does not see things in
abstract forms. Therefore, in teaching
Mathematics to young children, the
ANSWERING
TEST ITEMS