UNIT 1: MICROBIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
mirjam nilsson
Introduction and
leveling of
expectation
 COMPREHENSIVELY DEFINE
WHAT MICROBIOLOGY IS

UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE

OBJECTIVE OF MICROBIOLOGY

IDENTIFY SIGNIFICANT PERSONS

WITH OUTMOST CONTRIBUTION
IN THE FIELD OF
MICROBIOLOGY
microbiology
Etymology: Greek:
Mikros
Bios
Logia/logos

THE STUDY OF ORGANISMS THAT ARE SO

SMALL THEY CANNOT BE SEEN WITH THE
NAKED EYE.

2 CATEGORIES:
1. CELLULAR – Prokaryotes: bacteria,
cyanobacteria and archeans
- Eukaryotes: fungi, protozoan
and algea
2. ACELLULAR - viruses

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4 different fields
BACTERIOLOGY BACTERIA

VIROLOGY VIRUSES

MYCOLOGY FUNGI

PARASITOLOGY PROTOZOA AND PARASITIC WORMS

PHYCOLOGY ALGEA

IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM AND RESPONSE

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 Importance of
Microbiology
Microorganisms are essential in bio technology and a wide range of industries –
foods and beverage, pharmaceuticals, mining, genetics/

Some microorganisms are important source of antimicrobial agents – penicillin

(fungus)

Some micro organisms act as saprophytes or decompressors of waste products and

dead organisms making them essential in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.

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The study of microorganism has lead to better understanding of how
microorganisms causes diseases, paving way to better disease
management.

Better understanding of the negative instance in which

microorganisms may be used.
MICROSCOPY
Microscope
• an instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object,
thus revealing details too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

• The word “microscope” comes from the Latin

“microscopium,” which is derived from the Greek words
“mikros,” meaning “small,” and “skopein,” meaning “to
look at.”
WHO INVENTED THE
MICROSCOPE?
the earliest microscopes seem to have been
made by Dutch opticians Hans Janssen
and his son Zacharias Janssen and by
Dutch instrument maker Hans Lippershey
(who also invented the telescope) about
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1590.

The resolution of a microscope is a

measure of the smallest detail of the object
that can be observed. Resolution is
expressed in linear units, usually
micrometres (μm).
The simple
microscope
The simple microscope consists of a single
lens traditionally called a loupe. The most
familiar present-day example is a reading
or magnifying glass. Present-day higher-
magnification lenses are often made with
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two glass elements that produce a colour-
corrected image.
 Types of Microscope
1. Compound Microscope
• It is an instrument that has two lenses (set of two lenses) these lenses is objectives and ocular.
Furthermore, they use visible light as a source of illumination.
2. Darkfield Microscope
• These microscopes have a device that scatters light from the illuminator. In addition, it does this to make
the specimen appear white against the black background.
3. Electron Microscope
• It is a scope that instead of light uses a flow of electron to produce an image. Moreover, this microscope
enhances the images of viruses, protein, lipids, ribosomes, and even small molecules.
4. Fluorescence Microscope
• These scopes use ultraviolet light to illuminate specimens that fluoresce. Besides, mostly, a fluorescent
antibody or dye is added on the viewed specimen.
5. Contrast/Phase Microscope
• This scope uses a special condenser that allows the examination of structures inside the cells. Also, they
use a compound light. Furthermore, these microscopes take advantage of different refractive indexes for
the examination of live organisms.
In addition, the final image produced by these microscopes is a combination of light
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Parts of the
microscope
 Parts of Microscope

1. Arm
• It is in the back of the microscope and supports the objectives and ocular. Also, it is the part that
we use to carry or lift it.
2. Base
• It’s the bottom of the scope. In addition, it houses the light source and the back section of base
acts as a handle to carry the scope.
3. Course Focusing Knob
• We use it to adjust the position of objective lenses. Also, this should be done keeping in mind
that the objective should not hit the slide. In addition, it should be stopped when the object is
completely visible through the ocular.
4. Fine Focusing Knob
• We use it to bring the specimen in perfect focus once the specimen is visible through the course-
focusing knob. Also, focus slowly to avoid contact between the objective and the specimen.

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 Parts of the Microscope (Cont.)
5. Illuminator
• It is the light source of the microscope.
6. Numerical Aperture or Objective lens
• It is found in a compound scope and is the lens that is closest to the specimen.
7. Ocular Lens
• This is the lens closest to the viewer in a compound light microscope.
8. Oil immersion Lens
• This is a 100x (100 times) objective lens. Also, this lens is small in order to attain high resolution and
magnification. Furthermore, due to its size, it is important for the lens to get as much light as possible.
• Moreover, by immersion of lens in oil it eliminates the refraction of light, it happens because the glass
and oil have almost the same refractive index. Most noteworthy, in this way the light is maximized and
gives the clearest image. Besides, It oil immersion lens is used without oil then the produced Image
will become unclear and has a poor resolution.

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 Microscope Use and Care
1. Use the scope at your station. If that scope is unavailable, inform your instructor.
2. Be very careful when removing the scope from the cabinet.
3. Always grip the microscope by the arm and put your hand beneath its base. Hold
the scope upright at all times. Do not bump it against anything.
4. Before you use the scope, check it to be sure it was put away properly by
previous users.
5. ONLY the 100X (oil immersion) objective uses oil. If you must return to a lower
magnification to refocus, remove the oil from the slide first. DO NOT get oil on
any of the other objectives; the oil will ruin them, and you will not be able to focus
at those powers. This will render the scope inoperable, as that is irreparable
damage. 6. Large specimens, like the whole mount adult platyhelminthes,
trematodes and cestodes that you will examine at the end of the semester,
should be examined at low power only. They are too big to magnify further, and
efforts to do so will break the slide and can break the objective.
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 Rules for Microscope Use
1. Carry the microscope properly.
2. Always begin focusing with the 4X objective.
3. Use the coarse focus only with the 4X objective in place.
4. Use immersion oil only with the 100X objective (oil immersion lens) in place.
5. Use only ONE drop of oil.
6. Lower the stage and then remove the slide when you are done.
7. ALWAYS clean the microscope when you are done. Use a Kimwipe or lens paper and the alcohol in the labeled
jars.
8. Always place the 4X objective over the stage and be sure the stage is at its lowest position before putting the
microscope away.
9. Always turn off the light before putting the microscope away.
10. Always wrap the cord correctly before putting the microscope away.
11. Always return the microscope to the correct cabinet.
12. Always place the oculars toward the BACK of the cabinet.

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 The Don’ts when using the microscope

a. Never touch a lens with anything but lens paper.

b. Never touch a lens with dry lens paper.
c. Never rub a lens.
d. Never put oil on a dry objective, and remove it at once if an
accident occurs.
e. Never wear mascara when using a microscope.

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 EVALUATION
TEST

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 1. Which of the flowing is not a common part of a microscope?
A. Arm
B. Oil Immersion Lens
C. Ocular lens
D. Focusing Knob

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 2

5
6
4

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 7. Which part of the microscope can be used to hold the slide in
place:
a. Coarse Adjustment c. Eye Piece
b. Fine Adjustment d. Stage Clip

8. Which part of the microscope will you move to adjust a

specimen:
c. Stage Control c. Objective lenses
d. Coarse Adjustment d. Fine adjustment

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 TRUE OR FALSE
1. It is proper to carry the microscope in the arm rather than the base.
2. Always begin focusing with the 4X objective.
3. the coarse focus only 4X objective in place.
4. Do not use immersion oil only with the 100X objective (oil immersion lens) in place.
5. Use at least 10 drops of oil.
6. ALWAYS clean the microscope when you are done. Use a Kimwipe or lens paper and the alcohol in the labeled
jars.
7. Never place the 4X objective over the stage and be sure the stage is at its lowest position before putting the
microscope away.
8. Always turn off the light before putting the microscope away.
9. When using an electron microscope never wrap the cord correctly before putting the microscope away.
10. Always return the microscope to the correct cabinet.
11. Always place the oculars toward the front of the cabinet.

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thank you