Errors Related to Clinical

Research
TRAT
 Which of the following statements
are true?
i. Type I error can only occur when we have accepted the null hypothesis.
ii. Type I error can only occur when we have rejected the null hypothesis.
iii. Type II error can only occur when we have accepted the null hypothesis.
iv. Type II error can only occur when we have rejected the null hypothesis.

A. i, iii
B. i, iv
C. ii, iii
D. ii, iv
 Which of the following is true in
regards to biases in clinical research?
A. Bias is not avoidable in clinical
research.
B. Selection biases occur after
subjects have been enrolled in
a study and assigned to groups.
C. Information biases occur in the
study period up to and
including the point of
enrollment of subjects in a
study and assignment of those
subjects to groups.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
 Which of the following is a type of
selection bias?

A. Recall bias
B. Attention bias
C. Detection bias
D. Sample size bias
 Which type of bias is commonly observed
when subjects are gathered from those
seeking care in acute care settings such as a
hospital?

A. Participation bias
B. Admission rate bias
C. Medical surveillance
bias
D. Detection bias
 Which of the following is the best way
to avoid procedure selection bias?
A. Randomization of
subjects
B. Identify subjects as
they are first exposed
C. Choose subjects
located in particular
practice setting
D. Encourage equal
participation of
individuals
 Which of the following biases can be
minimized by using appropriate
blinding/dummy techniques?

A. Membership bias
B. Exposure suspicion
bias
C. Recall bias
D. Detection bias
 Which of the following methods for
handling missing data is most conservative
for randomized clinical trials?

A. Intention to treat
B. Neyman method
C. Per-protocol
D. Hawthorne effect
 When authors use terms such as “trending”
or “compelling clinical reasons”, you should
be suspicious of which of the following bias?

A. Scale degradation
bias
B. Rhetorical bias
C. Reference bias
D. Unmasking bias
 Which of the following is TRUE regarding
differences between errors in clinical research?

A. Biases and chance are

introduced
systematically.
B. Confounders and
chance are identifiable.
C. Biases and confounders
are introduced
randomly.
D. Confounders and biases
are identifiable.
 A sufficient sample size is required to
mitigate ______________.

A. Type I Error
B. Type II Error
C. Membership bias
D. Per-protocol