Plain & reinforced concrete - II

Lesson no 02: Design Methodology

Dr. Hammad Anis Khan

Design Process
 Types of loads
1. Self Weight
2. Dead Load
3. Live Load
4. Wind Load
5. Snow Load
6. Earthquake Load (Environmental Loads)
7. Earth retaining Load
8. Soil Retaining Load
 Dead Load
• Load whose magnitude and position do not change with time
• Major part is the weight of the structure
• Include both Load bearing elements (slabs, beam etc) and non
load bearing elements (floor fill, finish floor, suspended loads,
piping etc)
• Generally can be estimated with reasonable certainty
 Dead Load
• Dead Load = Volume of the member x unit weight
• Density (unit weight) of different materials:
 Live Load
• Load whose magnitude and position can change with time
• Occupancy loads in buildings
• Traffic loads on bridges
• Minimum live loads are usually specified in the building code
• Representative values are given in Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures, SEI/ASCE 7-02, American
Society of Civil Engineers
 Live Load
• The calculations mainly depend upon past experience and
probability studies
 Working Stress Design
• ACI: Alternate Design Method
 Strength Design Method
• ACI: Ultimate Strength Design
 Factored Load Combinations

• D = Dead Load, L = Live Load, H = Lateral Earth Pressure,

Lr= Roof Live Load, S = Snow Load, R = Rain Load, W = Wind
Load, E = Earthquake Load
Strength Reduction Factors
 Advantages of Strength Design Method
• Economical when Dead Load is larger in proportion
• Safe design when Live Load is greater
• We can observe all the collapse mechanism
 Disadvantages of WSD
• Does not take into account the variability of resistance and
loads
• Lack of knowledge of factor of safety
• Inability to deal with groups of loads when one load increases
at a rate different from that of the others