ABE 122

Food Process Engineering

1st Semester SY 2022-2023
Chapter 4 Application of Heat Transfer in AB Materials

I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles

II. Heat Transfer Coefficient
III. Application/s of Heat Transfer
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles

 Heating and cooling – most common process in food processing plant

 Unit Operations: refrigeration, freezing, thermal sterilization, drying, and
evaporation
 These unit operations involve the transfer of heat between the product
and some heating or cooling medium.
 Heating and cooling of food products – prevent microbial and enzymatic
degradation
 Heat transfer – provides a basis for understanding how various food
processes operate.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Heat Transfer
 Heat Transfer - the study of the transmission of thermal energy from a
high-temperature region/body to a low-temperature region/body on
account of temperature difference
 The rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to the temperature
difference between the heat-exchanging regions/bodies.
 Once the process of heat energy is complete, it is stored in one or more
forms of energy such as potential, kinetic and internal energy.
 It is pertinent to mention that energy in transition as heat can never be
measured; however, it is determined in terms of observed changes in
other forms of energy.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Thermal Properties of Foods

1. Specific Heat (cp )– the quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit
mass of product to accomplish a unit change in temperature, without a
change in state.

where: cp = specific heat (kJ/kg-Co)

Q = heat gained or lost (kJ)
m = mass (kg)
ΔT = temperature change (Co)
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Thermal Properties of Foods

2. Thermal Conductivity (k) – important property used in calculations

involving heat transfer. It is the amount of heat that will be conducted per
unit thickness of the material.

Note:
* most high=moisture foods have
thermal conductivity closer to
water
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Thermal Properties of Foods

3. Thermal Diffusivity – a ratio involving thermal conductivity, density, and

specific heat
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Modes of Heat Transfer
Transfer of heat between two regions/bodies maintained at different
temperatures can occur in three different modes namely:

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

In the conduction and convection modes, heat flows from high temperature to
low-temperature region/body whereas, in radiation mode, transfer of heat takes place
from both the bodies towards each other. However, the net transfer of heat is always
from a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body. The mechanism of heat
transfer in each mode is different and controlled by different laws.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction
 Conduction is a process of heat transfer from a high-temperature region to a
low-temperature region within a body or between different bodies which are
in direct physical contact.
 Heat conduction – transfer of energy takes place at a molecular level
 Energy is transferred due to the exchange of molecular kinetic energy.
According to kinetic theory, the temperature of body is proportional to the
mean kinetic energy of its constituent molecules.
 As the temperature in one region of a body increases, the kinetic energy of
molecules in that region also increases as compared to that of the molecules
of adjacent low-temperature regions.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction
 As the temperature in one region of a body increases, the kinetic
energy of molecules in that region also increases as compared to
that of the molecules of adjacent low-temperature regions.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction
 Heat transfer by conduction in solids, liquids, and gases is determined by the
thermal conductivity and temperature difference.
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction
 The basic law of heat transfer by conduction was proposed by the French
Scientist J. B. J. Fourier in 1822 and the one-dimensional Conduction rate
equation described by the Fourier Law is written as:
𝑑𝑡Where:
𝑄=− 𝑘𝐴 ( 𝑑𝐿 ) Q = heat conducted across surface of A, (BTU/hr, W)
A= cross-sectional area in the direction of heat flow, (ft2, m2)
dL= wall thickness, (in, m)
k = thermal conductivity, )
ΔT = temperature difference, (oF, oC)
dt/dL = temperature gradient
(-) = temperature decreases in the direction of heat flow

where: 1
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction through a composite wall

𝑄=− 𝑘𝐴 ( 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐿 ) 𝑄 𝐴= 𝑘 1 𝐴 ( 𝑡 𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏
𝐿1 )
( 𝑡 𝑏 − 𝑡𝑐
)
1 𝑡2
𝑄 / 𝐴 ∫ 𝑑𝐿=−𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑄 𝐵 =𝑘 2 𝐴
0 𝑡1 𝐿2

( )
𝑘𝐴 ( 𝑡 𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏) 𝑡 𝑐 − 𝑡𝑑
𝑄=
𝐿 𝑄 𝐶 =𝑘 3 𝐴
𝐿3

where: A,B,C =composite walls of homogenous materials

QA = QB = QC = Q  for steady-state flow

I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction through a composite wall
𝑄 𝐴=𝑘1 𝐴 (
𝑡 𝑎−𝑡𝑏
𝐿1 ) 𝑄 𝐵=𝑘2 𝐴 (
𝑡 𝑏 −𝑡𝑐
𝐿2 ) 𝑄 𝐶 =𝑘3 𝐴 ( 𝑡 𝑐 − 𝑡𝑑
𝐿3 )

𝑄𝐿 2 𝑄𝐿3
𝑄𝐿 1 𝑡 𝑏 −𝑡𝑐= 𝑡 𝑐 − 𝑡𝑑=
𝑡 𝑎− 𝑡𝑏= 𝑘2 𝐴 𝑘3 𝐴
𝑘1 𝐴

𝑡 𝑎− 𝑡𝑑=
[
𝑄 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿 3
+ +
𝐴 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘 3 ]
𝐴 (𝑡 𝑎 −𝑡𝑑) 𝐴 ∆𝑡 (BTU/hr, W)
Q= =
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿 3 ∑ ( 𝐿/𝑘 )
+ +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘 3
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction through a composite wall
Conductance (C) = kA/L  the effect of size and
shape of the conducting body

Conductance = the rate of heat transfer per unit

temperature difference
C = Q/Δt = kA/L

Thermal Resistance = the reciprocal of conductance =

1/C = R

𝐴 (𝑡 𝑎 −𝑡𝑑 ) 𝐴 ∆𝑡
Q= =
𝐿 1 𝐿 2 𝐿 3 ∑ ( 𝐿 /𝑘 )
+ +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘 3
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction through a composite wall

FILM COEFFICIENT

• On each of the composite wall is a fluid: t1 > ta t2 < td

• The unit rate of heat flow through these film is called film coefficient
• Represented by h
and

Heat transfer from FLUID to FLUID

𝐴 (𝑡 𝑎 −𝑡𝑑 ) 𝐴 ∆𝑡
Q= =
𝐿 1 𝐿 2 𝐿 3 ∑ ( 𝐿 /𝑘 )
+ +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘 3
I. Review of Heat Transfer Principles
Conduction through a composite wall

Heat transfer from FLUID to FLUID

 overall unit resistance

 transmittance, U

U = the over-all coefficient of heat transfer and the over-all

conductance, since:

Then: Q = UAΔt (BTU/hr, W)

I. Review of Heat Transfer PrinciplesConduction
1. One face of a stainless-steel plate 1cm thick is
maintained 110oC, and the other face is at 90oC.
Assuming steady-state conditions, calculate the rate of
heat transfer per unit area through the plate. The
thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 17 W/moC.

(Ans: 34,000 W)
I. Review of Heat Transfer PrinciplesConduction
2. A 20.32 x 20.32 cm test panel, 2.54 cm thick, is
placed between two plates, and the whole is
properly insulated. The interface surface of one
plate is maintained at 79.4oC by an electric energy
supply of 50 watts, the other plate has an interface
surface temperature of 21.1oC. Find k for the test
panel.
(Ans.: 0.527 )
I. Review of Heat Transfer PrinciplesConduction

3. It is desired that no more than 1892 W/m2 be conducted

through a 30cm thick wall whose average thermal
conductivity is k=0.865 ; the conducted heat will be
controlled by insulating one side. Find the least thickness
of insulating material (k = 0.346 ) that will assure this
heat constraint if the surface temperatures of the
composite wall are 1150oC and 40oC.
(Ans.: 8.3 cm)
I. Review of Heat Transfer PrinciplesConduction

4. A composite plane wall consisting of two layers of

materials (1.5in steel and 2in aluminum) separates a hot
gas at t1=200oF, hi=2, from a cold gas at 80oF, ho=5 BTU/hr-
ft-oF. If the hot fluid is on the aluminum side, find: (a) the
transmittance, U; (b) the resistance, R; (c) the interface
temperature at the junction of the two metals; (d)the heat
through 100ft2 of the surface under steady-state
conditions.

Ans.: (a) 1.416 (b) 0.70615 (c) 115 (d) 17000

I. Review of Heat Transfer PrinciplesConduction

5. The plane wall of a building is composed of the following

materials: 1in white pine wood, 3.5in mineral wood
insulation, and 0.75 in gypsum plaster. On the other side
of the pine wood surface, the film coefficient is ho=6
BTU/hr-ft-oF; on the inner plaster surface, hi = 1.65. Find (a)
the transmittance, U for the composite wall (fluid to fluid),
(b) Q per ft2 of wall surface for an overall temperature
difference of Δt=50oF (fluid to fluid), (c) the temperature
drop across each resistance for the total Δt = 50oF.
II. Heat Transfer Coefficient

III. Application/s of Heat Transfer