UNIT IV PHILIPPINE AGRARIAN REFORMS

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 OBJECTIVES

Learning Objective I Learning Objective II Learning Objective III

Identify the different agrarian Determine the difference Know the effect of agrarian
reform policies of the between land reform and reform policies in the present
Philippines. agrarian reform economy of the Philippines.

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 OBJECTIVES
Learning Objective IV Learning Objective V
Make a solution to the Create my idea for land
problems encountered in cultivation.
different agrarian reform
policies.

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Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• AGRARIAN REFORM concerned with the relationship
between the production and distribution of land among
farmers.
• LAND REFORM centered to land rights and their character,
strength, and distribution.
“At the same time, agrarian reform focuses not only on these but
also on a broader set of issues such as, the class character of
the relations of production and distribution in farming and related
enterprises, and how these connect to the immense class
structure. Thus, it is concerned with economic and political
power and the relations between them” – Cousins, 2007
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• World bank’s Five (5) Dimensions of Agrarian Reform:
• Stocks and liberalization.
• Land reform and development of land markets
• Agro-processing and input supply channels
• Urban finance
• Market institutions
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform

• During Pre-Spanish Period, the barangays in the

archipelago has social classes that is consist of the
Chieftain, Freeman, and Slaves. There was no legal tender
yet thus, the medium of exchange was bartering
specifically, rice.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• During Spanish Period, people have communal
ownership of land. Therefore, Spanish officials decided to
put the scattered people into a single place called,
“Poblacion”.
• Indios have no right to own a land however, they are
allowed to work and pay colonial tributes by means of
agricultural products.
• Spaniards give Indios a lee way to own a land and cultivate
it. however, they should have a share for it. – Pueblo
System
• ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• By American Period, the American passed several laws to
distribute land ownership to a more significant number of
Filipinos.
• Cooper Act of 1902 provided regulations on the disposal
of public lands, where a private individual can own up to 16
hectares of land (Homestead Program). Corporate owners
can own up to 1,024 hectares.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• Land ownership during this time worsened because of the limitlessness of the size
of landholdings of people could acquire, while the acquisition wan only limited to
those who could afford to purchase and register fixed property titles
• LAND REGISTRATION ACT, addressed the absence of records of land titles and
conducted accurate land surveys through the Torrens system.
• The lands acquired from friars were not necessarily given to the peasant farmers.
Peasant farmers who were given land almost did not have the means to maintain
and cultivate it and were forced to return tenancy to wealthy HACIENDEROS
because of debt. As a result, most of the lands ended up in the hands of wealthy
Filipino hacienderos. This caused widespread uprisings.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the SOCIAL JUSTICE program to
arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.
• Significant legislations enacted during his term:
• 1935 Constitution
• Commonwealth Act no. 178: An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act
no. 4045: Provided specific controls in the landlord-tenant
relationship
• National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC): Established the price
of rice and corn thereby, helping poor tenants and consumers.
• Commonwealth Act no. 461: Specified reasons for the dismissal of
tenants and only with the approval of Tenancy division of
Department of Justice.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the SOCIAL
JUSTICE program to arrest the increasing social unrest in
Central Luzon.
• Significant legislations enacted during his term:
• Rural Program Administration: Provided the
purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale
and lease to the tenants.
• Commonwealth Act No. 441: Created the
National Settlement Administration with a capital
stock of 20 Million Pesos.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• AGRARIAN REFORM IN PRE WORLD WAR II
• Sakdalism – Benigno Ramos (Sakdal means
to accuse). The party established in 1933,
demanded the abolition of taxes and equality
in land ownership.
• May 2-3, 1935 a Sakdal uprising was
organized however, the government quickly
deterred it.
• Ramos fled to Tokyo and the party declined.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE POST WORLD WAR
• After the establishment of the Philippine Independence
in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These
became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of
the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
• After the war, the administration focused on
rehabilitating and rebuilding the nation. It attempted to
solve the previous issues in land ownership. Hacienda
lands were distributed, but the attempt at agrarian
reform still failed since there was little-to-no support
given to the small farmers.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)
• Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-
30 sharing arrangements and regulating
share-tenancy contracts.
• Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more
effective safeguard against arbitrary
ejectment of tenants.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)
• Executive Order No. 355 issued on October
23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land
Settlement Administration with Land
Settlement Development Corporation
(LASEDECO), which takes over the
responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery
Equipment Corporation and the Rice and
Corn Production Administration.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)
• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) --
Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA),
which was responsible for the acquisition and
distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands
over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares
for corporations.
• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low-
interest rates of six to eight percent.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)
• Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO
and established the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle
dissidents and landless farmers. It was mainly aimed at rebel
returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
Mindanao.
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) --
governed the relationship between landowners and tenant
farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system.
The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also
created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
• PRESIDENT CARLOS GARCIA (1957-1961) CONTINUED
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965)
• Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 or Agricultural
Land Reform Code -- Abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares,
invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant
farmers, provided for administrative machinery for
implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of
agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and
supervised credit system of services of farmer-beneficiaries.
• It was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino
farmers from the bondage of tenancy.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986)
• After the declaration of MARTIAL LAW in 1972,
president Marcos was able to start a "fundamental
restructuring" of government. He wiped out the
landlord-dominated congress in an attempt to address
the structural problems in the countryside.
• MASAGANA 99 was a rice self-sufficiency program in
which farmers could borrow from banks and purchase
three-hectare plots of land. This lead to the country to
consume our rice and not importing to other countries.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986)
• OPERATION LAND TRANSFER granted land to tenants
occupying seven hectares of rice and corn. However, because
rice was the only focus of this program, the landed elite
circumvented the law by changing their crops, to be exempted
from the program. They also evicted tenants and hired
exempted from the program. They even evicted tenants and
hired workers instead, because the lands worked by wage
labor were also exempted from this program.
• As a result, landlessness increased because of the elite's
methods to exert power and dominance, especially Marcos's
cronies, who were also involved in the agricultural sector.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986)
• Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and R.A.
No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform
and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthened
the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian
reform.
• Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared
the country under the land reform program. It urged all agencies
and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and
assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform
Coordinating Council.
• Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted
land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the
retention limit at 7 hectares.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992)
• The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people
during the administration of President Corazon C.
Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II
that “The State shall promote comprehensive
rural development and agrarian reform.”
• On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C.
Aquino signed into law REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657
OR OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW
(CARL). The law became effective on June 15,
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS (1992-
1998)
• When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took
over in 1992, his administration came face to
face with publics who have lost confidence in
the agrarian reform program.
• His administration committed to the vision
“Fairer, faster and more meaningful
implementation of the Agrarian Reform
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS (1992-1998)
•Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain
provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and
prawns from the coverage of CARP.
•Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the
implementation of the CARP.
•Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of
lands that may be converted by setting conditions under
which limits the type of lands that may be converted by
setting conditions under which specific categories of
agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for
conversion or highly restricted for conversion.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS (1992-
1998)
• Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture
and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) –
Plugged the legal loopholes in land use
conversion.
• Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform
Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50
billion for CARP and extended its
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-
2000)
• Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999
(Farmer’s Trust Fund) – Allowed the voluntary
consolidation of small farm operation into medium and
large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-
term capital.
• During his administration, President Estrada launched
the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or
MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures
with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT GLORIA ARROYO
(2001-2010)
• The agrarian reform program under the
Arroyo administration is anchored on the
vision “To make the countryside economically
viable for the Filipino family by building
partnership and promoting social equity and
new economic opportunities towards lasting
peace and sustainable rural development.”
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT GLORIA ARROYO (2001-2010)
• Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in
implementing land acquisition and distribution component of CARP.
The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution
and leasehold.
• Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the
distribution of lands but also included package of support services
which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation
facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and
technical support programs.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT GLORIA ARROYO (2001-2010)
• Infrastructure Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform
communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of
support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the
creation of job opportunities in the countryside.
• KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones
were also launched. These zones consists of one or more
municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve
greater agro-productivity.
• Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases,
DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT GLORIA ARROYO (2001-2010)
• In 2008, the deadline for the extended CARP came to pass.
• Despite this, 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land remained
undistributed to the 1.2 million farmers.
• The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is
anchored on the vision “To make the countryside economically
viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and
promoting social equity and new economic opportunities
towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.”
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT GLORIA ARROYO (2001-2010)
• Republic Act no. 9700, or the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program Extension with reforms
(CARPER), extended the deadline to five more years,
from 2009 to 2014.
• During this Period, CARPER was able to distribute a
total of 1 million hectares of land to 900,000 farmer-
beneficiaries.
• Five hundred thousand hectares of land remain to be
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-
2016)
• President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State of
the Nation Address that he would complete before the end of
his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP), the centerpiece program of the administration of his
mother, President Corazon Aquino. The younger Aquino
distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. Apart
from the said farm lots, he also promised to complete the
distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural
estates in the country that have escaped the coverage of the
program.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-2016)
• Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and
Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project was
created to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty
reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.
• Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit
support for crop production to newly organized and existing
agrarian reform beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and
farmers’ organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans
under the regular credit windows of banks.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform • PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-2016)
• The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-
based legal system for recording and monitoring various
kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial, regional and
central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and
close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also
launched.
• Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011, to mandate the
Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment
and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform
Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening
Program in cooperation with other government agencies.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE (2016-PRESENT)
• Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue
an “aggressive” land reform program that would help
alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing
the provision of support services alongside land
distribution.
• The President directed the DAR to launch the
2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers
would be awarded with undistributed lands under the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE (2016-
PRESENT)
• Duterte plans to place almost all public
lands, including military reserves, under
agrarian reform.
• The President also placed 400 hectares
of agricultural lands in Boracay under
CARP.
Land Reform and
Agrarian Reform
• PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE (2016-
PRESENT)
• Under his administration the DAR created an
anti-corruption task force to investigate and
handle reports on alleged anomalous activities
by officials and employees of the department.
• The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero
Backlog” in the resolution of cases in relation to
agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform
program to fast-track the implementation of
CARP.