Types of

Industries in
India
•Iron and Steel Industry
•The major raw materials for the iron and steel industries are iron ore, coking coal, limestone,
dolomite, manganese, and fire clay.
•Major iron and steel industries in India are –
• The Tata Iron and Steel plant (TISCO); (The Rivers Subamarekha and Kharkai provide
water to the plant.)
• The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO); (Water is obtained from the Barakar River, a
tributary of the Damodar.)
• Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works Ltd. (VISL);
• Rourkela Steel Plant; (Water is obtained from the Koel and Sankh rivers.)
• Bhilai Steel Plant;
• Durgapur Steel Plant; and
• Bokaro Steel Plant.
•Some other major iron and steel industries are –
• Vizag Steel Plant, in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, is the first port based plant
which started operating in 1992.
• The Vijaynagar Steel Plant at Hosapete in Karnataka was developed by using indigenous
technology.
• The Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu was commissioned in 1982.
•The Rourkela Steel plant was set up in the year 1959 in the Sundargarh district of
Odisha in collaboration with Germany.
•The Bhilai Steel Plant was established in 1959 with Russian collaboration in the Durg
district of Chhattisgarh.
•Durgapur Steel Plant was established in 1962 in West Bengal, in collaboration with the
government of the United Kingdom
•Bokaro steel plant was set up in 1964 at Bokaro with Russian collaboration.
•India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world and the 3rd largest finished
steel consumer in the world after China & the USA.
•China remained the world’s largest crude steel producer in 2018 (928 mt) followed
by India(106 mt), Japan (104 mt), and the USA (87 mt).
•The Government has taken various steps to boost the sector including the introduction
of National Steel Policy 2017 and allowing 100 percent Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in the steel sector under the automatic route.
•Cotton- Textile
Industry
•India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine
variety of cotton cloth, calicos, chintz, and other different varieties of fine
cotton cloth.
•In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai.
•At present, the major centers of the cotton textile industry are Ahmedabad,
Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore, and Ujjain.
•Tamil Nadu has the largest number of mills; however, most of them
produce yarn rather than cloth.
.
•Jute Textiles
•India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and
stands in second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
•The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.
•After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-
fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile
East Pakistan).
•Sugar Industry
•The sugar industry is the second most important agro-based
industry in the country.
•India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar and
contributes about 8 percent of the total sugar production in the world.
•Development of the industry on modem lines dates back to 1903 when a
sugar mill was started in Bihar. Subsequently, sugar mills were started in
other parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
•With more than one-third of the total production, Maharashtra has
emerged as a leading sugar producer in the country.
•Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest producer of sugar.
•Petrochemical Industry
•Many items are derived from crude petroleum, which provides raw materials for many
new industries; hence, these are collectively known as petrochemical industries.
•Petrochemical industries are categorized as polymers, synthetic fibers, elastomers, and
surfactant intermediate industries.
•Mumbai is the hub of the petrochemical industry.
•Three organizations, which are working in the petrochemical sector under the
administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals are –
• The Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL);
• The Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL);
• The Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET).
• The National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited(NOCIL), established as a
private sector in 1961.
•Fertiliser Industry
•The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers
(mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex
fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K),
•The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves
of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form. India is the
third-largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
•At present, there are 10 public sector undertakings and one in the cooperative sector
at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
•The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.

•After Independence, the industry expanded. Decontrol of price and distribution since
1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in
capacity, process, technology, and production.
•Industrial Regions
in India
The new Industrial Policy
was implemented in 1991.
•India has eight major industrial regions namely (as shown on the map given below) –
• Mumbai-Pune Region,
• Hugli Region,
• Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu Region,
• Gujarat Region,
• Chhotanagpur Region,
• Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region,
• Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region, and
• Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region.
Some Important Facts regarding Industries in India
•In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling
of hazardous material.
•One of the worst industrial disasters of all time occurred in Bhopal on 3 December 1984
around 00:30 a.m.
•It was a technological accident in which highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas along
with Hydrogen Cyanide and other reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union
Carbide.
•The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Thousands, who survived still suffer from one or
many ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.
•Emerging industries are also known as ‘Sunrise Industries’. These include Information
technology, Wellness, Hospitality, and Knowledge.
•Smelting: It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the
melting point
•The iron and Steel Industry is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw materials for
other industries. Steel is often called the backbone of the modem industry.
•The first textile mill in the country was established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818
but it closed down after some time.
•Ahmedabad was therefore often referred to as the ‘Manchester of India’.
•It is an important textile center of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.
•The textile industry in Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials.
•The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing, and distribution of
information. The major hubs of the IT industry are Silicon Valley, California, and
Bengaluru, India.
•Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of
North America.
•The state government of Kamataka was the first to announce an IT Policy in 1992.
•Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing.
•Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel
through the Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL).

• India is the world’s 7th largest tourism economy in terms

of GDP.
Major Kinds of Coal
„ Anthracite: It is the best quality coal. It contains 80-95% carbon. This kind
of coal is found mainly in the district of Reasi (near Jammu) in Jammu and
Kashmir. „
Bituminous: It is medium quality coal. It contains 42-72% carbon. Much of
the coal in India comes under this category.
„ Lignite: It is the lowest quality coal. It is brown in colour. It contains 30-
50% carbon. It is also called brown coal. The major lignite mining centres of
India are (i) Neyveli (South Arcot district, Tamil Nadu), (ii) Palana (Bikaner,
Rajasthan), (iii) Lakhimpur (Assam) (iv) Kareva area (Kashmir), (v) Umarsar
(Gujarat).
„ Peat: It is the middle stage in the process of coal making. Parts of wood are
remarkably present in it.
Industry Location

: Hindustan Aeronautics India Ltd. Was formed by merging two aircraft factories at
•Aircraft Bangaluru and Kanpur. Four other factories are at Nasik, Hyderabad, Koraput (Orissa),
and Lucknow.

: Located mainl near the sources of raw materials, means of transport and cheap
•Aluminium Smelting electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa), Renukoot (UP), Korba (CG), Ratnagiri
(Maharashtra), Mettur (TN), Alwaye.

: Kaimor (M.P.), Lakheri (Rajasthan), Okha, Dalmaianagar, Gwalior, Katni, Bhadravati,

•Cement Industry
Surajpur, Sawaimadhopur, Chuck (U.P.). Barmar (H.P.)

: Raniganj (W. Bengal) Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpur (Jharkhand), Panch Valley and
•Coal Mining
Chanda (M.P.), Singareni (Andhra) and Mukum (Assom).
•Copper Smelting : In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Agnigundala (A.P.).

: Most important industry in terms of employment and production of export goods. In

Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat
•Cotton Textile
(Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu has the largest number of
cotton textile mills in India.

•Cycles : In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and Ludhiana.

: The location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petrochemicals. About 70% of the
plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as raw material. Naphtha is a
byproduct of oil refineries. Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in
•Fertilizers UP and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being setup. The Fertilizer
Corporation of India (FCL) was setup in 1961, in Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Trombay,
Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Mamrup, Cod tin, Rourkela, Neyveli, Varanasi, Vadodara,
Vishakhapattnam, Kota and Kanpur.

•Heavy Electrical : Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu.

•Equipments : Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangaluru, and Jagdishpur (UP).

•Heavy
: In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai.
Machinery

: Naini it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial and defence equipments,
•Machine Tools
automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery. In Bangaluru, Pinjore (Haryana),
Industry
Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Srinagar and Ajmer.

: Located near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal), In Jamshedpur (Jharkhand),
•Iron and steel Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa),
Bhilai (Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

: India manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world. Mainly located in West
•Jute
Bengal, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP, MP.
 : Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Agra (Dayalbagh,), Kolkata, Bombay, Coimbatore, Batangar near Kolkata,
•Leather Industry
Kanpur.

•Pesticides : Delhi and Alwaye

•Petroleum Refining : Digboi (Assom), Trombay, Vishakhapatnam, Koyali (Gujarat)

: Antibiotics are prepared at Pimpri and Rishikesh. The Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
•Pharmaceuticals
has 5 plants at Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Chennai, Gurgaon and Muzaffarpur. A number of other units are
and Drugs
concentratedin Mumbai, Baroda, Delhi, Kolkata and Kanpur.

•Railway : Locomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal, Coaches, Perambur(TN),

Equipments Kapurthala (Punjab), also at bangaluru and Kolkata.

: Bareilly (UP), Baroda (Gujarat)-Synthetic Rubber Units, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar-Reclaimed

•Rubber Industry
Rubber Units.
•Resin refining : Bareilly (U.P.) and Nahan (Himachal Pradesh).
•Salt-making : Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

: Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai (Mazgaon Dock)

•Ship Building
and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian Navy, only at Mazgaon.

: The location of silk industry is governed by two factors-prevalence of sericulture

•Silk Textile practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is the leading producer followed by
West Bengal, Bihar, etc.

•Sugar Industry : UP, Maharashtra, AP, TN, Karnataka and Bihar.

•Tractors : At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai.

: In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra (Mumbai), UP

•Woolen Textiles
(Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc.