UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

SOCIAL MOVEMENT &

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
LESSON 3
LEARNING TARGETS
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1 Describe the major types of Social Movements

2 Define Social Stratification

3 Define the social inequalities and explain its types

RECALL!
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
are organized collective activities that
bring about or resist fundamental changes
in an existing group or society (Benford
1992 as quoted by Schaefer 2005).
 Personal Transformation
BROAD TYPES
aim to change individuals. Movement lIke
this encourage members to change their OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENT
outlook in life, beliefs and even try to help
them redefine their lives.

Reactionary Revolutionary

A reactionary movement advocates

the restoration of a previous state of This type of movement is designed
social affairs, while a progressive to a create revolution against the
movement argues for a new social government.
arrangement.
 REACTIONARY MOVEMENT
Another type of political movement is the reactionary movement,
so named because it tries to block social change or reverse social
changes that have already been achieved. The anti-abortion
movement is a contemporary example of a reactionary movement,
as it arose after the U.S. Supreme Court legalized most abortions
in Roe v. Wade (1973) and seeks to limit or eliminate the legality
of abortion. Controlling Financial Activities
 REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

A revolutionary movement goes one large step further than a reform

movement in seeking to overthrow the existing government and bring
about a new one and even a new way of life. Revolutionary movements
were common in the past and were responsible for the world’s great
revolutions in Russia, China, and several other nations. Reform and
revolutionary movements are often referred to as political movements
because the changes they seek are political in nature.
Controlling Financial Activities
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
THEORIES
• Resource Mobilization Theory
• Political Process Theory
• New Social Movement Theory
• Mass Society Theory
• Deprivation Theory
• Culture Theory
 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION THEORY
• It focuses on the capabilities and resources of aggrieved groups as a way of explaining the
development and outcome of social movements.
• The resource mobilization theory invokes the importance of the availability of suitable resources in
the birth of a social movement. Creating Financial Goals
• This theory thus says that when some individuals in a society have certain grievances, they may be
able to mobilize the necessary resources to do something to alleviate those grievances.
• One of the major criticisms of this theory is that it has an extremely strong "materialist" orientation
in that it gives primacy to the presence of appropriate resources (especially money) Activities
Controlling Financial in explaining
the birth of social movements
 POLITICAL PROCESS THEORY
• Political process theory (PPT) is considered the core theory of social
movements and how they mobilize (work to create change). It was developed
by sociologists in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s, in response to the
Civil Rights, anti-war, and student movements of the 1960s.
• According to this theory, political opportunities for change must first be
present before a movement can achieve its objectives. Following that, the
movement ultimately attempts to make change through the existing political
structure and processes. Controlling Financial Activities
 POLITICAL PROCESS THEORY
3 PARTS OF POLITICAL PROCESS THEORY
1. POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES
Political opportunities or opportunities for intervention and
change within the existing political system exist when the system
experiences vulnerabilities.
2. MOBILIZING STRUCTURES
refer to the already existing organizations (political or otherwise)
that are present among the community that wants change. ex.
Church, Schools, and Non-profit Organizations.
3. FRAMING PROCESSES
are carried out by leaders of an organization in order to allow the Financial Activities
Controlling
group or movement to clearly and persuasively describe the
existing problems, articulate why change is necessary, and what
changes are desired.
 NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY
• It is a social and cultural explanation of the development of social
movements that conceptually links culture, ideology, and identity to explain
how new identities are forged within social movements.
• Traditional social movements tend to be engaged in class conflict while new
social movements are engaged in political and social conflict. Examples:
Feminism, the gay rights movement, and various peace movements.

Controlling Financial Activities

 MASS SOCIETY THEORY
• This theory explains that social movements develop when people
who lack established social ties are mobilized into social
movements.
• Mass society theory argues that with industrialization and
subsequent social changes, people have become isolated and
alienated Controlling Financial Activities
 DEPRIVATION THEORY
• In this story, people who are experiencing relative deprivation begin
social movements.
• As defined by social theorists and political scientists, relative deprivation
theory suggests that people who feel they are being deprived of
something considered essential in their society (e.g. money, rights,
political voice, status) will organize or join social movements dedicated
to obtaining the things of which they feel deprived. Example: U.S Civil
Rights movements that occurred in 1960's rooted from Black americans.
Controlling Financial Activities
 CULTURE THEORY

People are drawn to a social movement by cultural symbols

that define some cause as just.

Controlling Financial Activities

 SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Is a society’s categorization of people into socio
economic strata, based on their occupation and
income, wealth and social status or derived power.
In other words , stratification is the relative social
position of person within a social group, category,
geographic region, or social unit.
 STATUS Controlling Financial Activities

the position of an individual in relation to another or

others, especially in regards to social or professional
standing.
 TWO TYPES OF
ASCRIBED STATUS
The status which are assigned or given by the society or group on
the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a person’s
abilities or performance.

ACHIEVED
This status is earned by the individual. It means a person had
worked hard to achieve a status in a society. Example you become
an actress/actor singer because you wonControlling
the contest.
Financial Activities
 PRESTIGE AND
PRESTIGE ESTEEM
It refers to the reputation or esteem associated with one’s position in
society, which is closely tied to their social class. Prestige is pertaining to
the evaluation of your status.

ESTEEM
It refers to the assessment of our role behavior. The measures of esteem
depends on how well we carry out our role. For example if we performed
well, get an outstanding rating as an employee and Controlling
granted an academic
Financial Activities
scholarship to college, you gained a high esteem.
 SOCIAL CLASS
A group of people within a society who
possess the same socioeconomic status.
It generally referred to as a number of
people who were grouped collectively
because they have similar professional
and occupational statuses, amount of
prestige, or lifestyle.
 SOCIAL MOBILITY
It refers to the movement of
individuals or groups in social
positions over time. Most
commonly, social mobility
refers to the change in wealth
and social status of individuals
or families.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
is the movement of a person within a social class level. It means horizontal
mobility is a movement of a person from one position to another within the
same social level, as when someone changes between two equally
prestigious occupations.

For example, if a person leaves the job of a Principal to become an

education Supervisor, that person remains in the same social class, the two
jobs have the same occupational status, require the same amount of
trainings, receive same salary, and have the same amount of prestige.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
VERTICAL MOBILITY
It is the movement of the person within a social level; the movement may
be upward or downward. In other words in vertical mobility movement, the
person may either rise or fall in the social class structure.

For example again, Let’s assume that the Principal did not apply for the
Education Supervisor position, Instead, he used his share from a family
business and started to operate his own preschool.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL
• MOBILITY
Inter-generational mobility happens when the social position changes from
one generation to another. The change can be upward or downward. For
example, a father worked in a factory while his son received an education
that allowed him to become a lawyer or a doctor.
• The such societal change also causes the generation to adopt a new way of
living and thinking. Inter-generational mobility is affected by the differences
in the parents and their offspring’s upbringing, changes in population, and
changes in occupation.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
INTRA-GENERATIONAL SOCIAL
MOBILITY
The intra-generational change in societal position occurs during the lifespan of
a single generation. It can also refer to a change in position between siblings.
One way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their career. For
example, an individual starts their career as a clerk and through their life moves
on to a senior position such as a director. One sibling may also achieve a higher
position in society than their brother or sister.
SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
It is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities
and rewards for different social positions or statuses within
a group or society.
It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal
distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and
punishments. For example, it is understood to be a
phenomenon whereby access to rights and resources is
unfairly distributed across racial lines.
 TWO MAIN WAYS TO MEASURE
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
INEQUALITY OF CONDITIONS INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES
It refers to the unequal distribution of income,
wealth, and material goods.
For example is at the level of whole communities,
where some poor, unstable, and plagued by violence,
while others are invested in businesses and
government so that they thrive and provide safe,
secure, and happy conditions for their inhabitants.
It refers the unequal distribution of life chances across
individuals. This is reflected in measures such as level
of education, health status, and treatment by the
criminal justice system. Discrimination of an
individual, community, and institutional levels is a
major part of the process of reproducing social
inequalities of race, class, gender and sexuality. For
example, in some places women are systematically
paid less than men for doing the same work.
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES
GENDER INEQUALITIES
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITIES
Thank You for
Listening!