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BiologyforNonMajors 01
BiologyforNonMajors 01
• Order:
• Organisms are highly organized and coordinated structures
that consist of one or more cells
• Simple, single-celled organisms are complex- atoms,
molecules, organelles, etc.
• Multicellular organisms- tissues work to create organs
• Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli:
• Organisms respond to diverse stimuli
• Movement toward stimulus is positive, while away is
negative
Properties of Life- Reproduction and Growth, Development,
and Regulation
• Reproduction
• Single-celled organisms reproduce duplicating DNA then dividing it equally as
cell divides to two new cells
• Multicellular organisms produce germline cells that will form
• Genes containing DNA passed to organism’s offspring
• Growth Development
• Organisms grow/develop following instructions coded for by genes
• Genes provide instructions to direct cellular growth
• Regulation
• Coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with stress
Properties of Life- Homeostasis and Energy Processing
• Homeostasis
• Conditions such as correct temp., pH, concentration of diverse
chemicals, etc. change from one moment to next
• The ability of organism to maintain constant internal conditions
• Energy Processing
• All organisms use source of energy for metabolic activities
• Organisms capture energy from sun and convert to chemical
energy (photosynthesis) or they use chemical energy in
molecules they take in as food (cellular respiration)
Levels of Organization of Living Things
• Atom is smallest and most fundamental unit • Prokaryotes- single-celled organisms without
of matter- contains nucleus membrane-bound nucleus
• Molecule- two or more atoms joined • Eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles
together and nucleus
• Macromolecules- large molecules that are • Tissue- groups of similar cells with similar/related
formed by polymerization (DNA) functions
• Organelles- small structures that exist • Organs- collections of tissues grouped together
within cells • Population- individuals of species living within
• Cell- smallest fundamental unit of structure specific area
and function • Biosphere- collection of ecosystems
• Community- sum of populations
• Ecosystem- all living things
The Diversity of Life
• Curiosity and inquiry are driving forces for development of science- scientists seek to
understand world and way it operates
• Inductive reasoning- form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at
general conclusion
• Deductive reasoning- uses general principle or law to forecast specific results
• Descriptive science- observe, explore, and discover
• Hypothesis-based science- has specific question and potential answer
Hypothesis Testing
• Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions
• Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation
• Scientific Theory- well-tested explanation for set of observations
• Scientific Law- description of the behavior of an aspect of nature
• Summary of science- main goal is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-
term
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