Signals and Systems

Systems
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Barirah Ahmad Anas
[barirah@upm.edu.my] [+60193283656]
 Continuous-Time Systems (CTS)
Topics Discrete-Time Systems (DTS)
System Characteristics

Identify various types and characteristics

Learning of system
OUTLINE Outcome
Demonstrate the system characteristics
 Broadly speaking, a system is
anything that responds when
Systems stimulated or excited

The systems most commonly

analyzed by engineers are artificial
systems designed and built by
humans

Engineering system analysis is the

application of mathematical
methods to the design and analysis
of systems
 Systems have inputs and outputs

Systems accept excitation signals at

their inputs and produce response
signals at their outputs

Systems Systems are often usefully

represented by block diagrams
A Single-Input, Single-Output
System Block Diagram

A Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
System Block Diagram
CT and DT Systems
CT systems respond to and
produce CT signals

DT systems respond to and

produce DT signals
Block Diagram Three common block diagram symbols for an amplifier

Symbols
Three common block diagram symbols for a summing junction
 Block diagram symbol for an integrator

Block diagram symbol for a delay

Block Diagram
Symbols
An Electrical Circuit Viewed as a System

An RC lowpass filter is a simple electrical system

It is excited by a voltage,vin t  , and responds with a

voltage,vout t 

It can be viewed or modeled as a single-input, single-

output system
 System Characteristics

Time
Homogeneity Additivity Linearity
Invariance

Stability Causality Memory

Homogeneity

In a homogeneous system,
multiplying the excitation by
any constant (including
complex constants),
also multiplies the response by
the same constant.
Homogeneity
    
Let y t  exp x t . Is this system homogeneous?
Let x t  g t . Then y t  exp g t .
1 1

Let x t  K g t . Then y t  exp K g t  exp g t 

K

2 2  
K y t  K exp g t  y t  K y t  , Not homogeneous
1 2 1

Let y t  x t  2. Is this system homogeneous?

Let x t  g t . Then y t  g t  2.
1 1

Let x t  K g t . Then y t  K g t  2
2 2

K y t  K g t  2K  y t  K y t  , Not homogeneous
1 2 1
Additivity

If one excitation causes a response and

another excitation causes another
response and,
If for any arbitrary excitations, the sum
of the two excitations causes a
response which is the sum of the two
responses,

then the system is said to be additive

Additivity

    
Let y t  u x t . Is this system additive?
Let x t  g t . Then y t  u g t .
1 1

Let x t  h t . Then y t  u h t .

2 2

Let x t  g t  h t . Then y t  u g t  h t 
3 3

y t  y t  u g t  u h t  u g t  h t . Not additive.

1 2

(For example, at time t  3, if g 3 4 and h 3 2,

y 3 y 3 u 4  u 2  1 1  2. But y 3 u 4  6  1.)
1 2 3
Time Invariance
If an excitation causes a response and delaying the excitation simply delays
the response by the same amount of time, regardless of the amount of
delay, then the system is time invariant

If g(t) H y1 t and g(t  t 0 ) H y1 t  t 0   H is Time Invariant

This test must succeed for any g and any t 0 .
Time Invariance

    
Let y t  exp x t . Is this system time invariant?
Let x t  g t . Then y t  exp g t .
1 1

Let x t  g t  t . Then y t  exp g t  t 

2 0 2 0

y t  t  exp g t  t  y t  y t  t  , Time Invariant

1 0 0 2 1 0

Let y t  x t / 2 . Is this system time invariant?

Let x t  g t . Then y t  g t / 2 .
1 1

Let x t  g t  t . Then y t  g t / 2  t 
2 0 2 0

y t  t  g t  t / 2  y t  y t  t  , Time Variant

1 0 0 2 1 0
 If a system is both
Linearity and
homogeneous and
LTI Systems additive it is linear

If a system is both linear and

time-invariant it is called a
Linear Time Invariant
system (LTI) system
Stability

Any system for which the response is bounded for

any arbitrary bounded excitation, is called a
bounded-input-bounded-output (BIBO) stable
system

A CT system is BIBO stable if its impulse response is

absolutely
integrable.
That is if ht dt is finite.

Causality
• Any system for which the response
occurs only during or after the
time in which the excitation is applied is
called a causal system.
• Strictly speaking, all real physical systems
are causal.
Causality
Example: A non-causal system
Memory

depends only on the

• If a system’s response at any arbitrary time

excitation at that same time and not on the excitation or response at

any other time is called a static system and is said to have no memory

depend on the
• A system whose response at some arbitrary time does

excitation or response at another time is called a dynamic

system and is said to have memory
Thank you