Chapter 8

Hypothesis Testing
with Two Samples

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 Chapter Outline
• 8.1 Testing the Difference Between Means
(Independent Samples, 1 and 2 Known)
• 8.2 Testing the Difference Between Means
(Independent Samples, 1 and 2 Unknown)
• 8.3 Testing the Difference Between Means
(Dependent Samples)
• 8.4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions

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 Section 8.2

Testing the Difference Between

Means (Independent Samples,
1 and 2 Unknown)

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 Section 8.2 Objectives
• How to perform a t-test for the difference between
two means μ1 and μ2 with independent samples with
1 and 2 unknown

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 Two Sample t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
A two-sample t-test is used to test the difference between two
population means μ1 and μ2 when
1. σ2 and σ2 are unknown,
2. the samples are random,
3. the samples are independent, and
4. the populations are normally distributed or both n1 ≥ 30
and n2 ≥ 30.

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 Two Sample t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
• The static test is
• The standardized test statistic is s

t=

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 Two Sample t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
• Variances are equal: If the population variances are
equal, then information from the two samples is
combined to calculate a pooled estimate of the standard
deviation .

ˆ 
n1  1 s12  n2  1 s22
n n 21 2

• The standard error for the sampling distribution of

x1  x2 is =

• d.f.= n1 + n2 – 2
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 Two Sample t-Test for the
Difference Between Means
• Variances are not equal: If the population variances
are not equal, then the standard error is

• d.f = smaller of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1

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Two-Sample Tests for Independent Samples

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 Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference
Between Means (Independent
Samples σ2 and σ2 Unknown )
In Words In Symbols
1. Verify that 1 and 2 are unknown, the
samples are random and independent,
and either the populations are
normally distributed or both n1  30
and n2  30 .

2. State the claim mathematically and State H0 and Ha.

verbally. Identify the null and
alternative hypotheses.
3. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
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 Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference
Between Means (Independent
Samples σ2 and σ2 Unknown )
In Words In Symbols

4. Determine the degrees of d.f. = n1+ n2 – 2 or

freedom. d.f. = smaller of
n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.

5. Determine the critical value(s). Use Table 5 in

6. Determine the rejection Appendix B.
region(s).

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 Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference
Between Means (Independent
Samples σ2 and σ2 Unknown )
In Words In Symbols
7. Find the standardized test
statistic and sketch the sampling t
 x1  x2  1  2
distribution. sx  x
1 2

8. Make a decision to reject or fail If t is in the rejection

to reject the null hypothesis. region, reject H0.
9. Interpret the decision in the Otherwise, fail to
context of the original claim. reject H0.

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Example: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The results of a state mathematics test for random samples
of students taught by two different teachers at the same
school are shown below. Can you conclude that there is a
difference in the mean mathematics test scores for the
students of the two teachers? Use α = 0.10. Assume the
populations are normally distributed and the population
variances are not equal.
Teacher 1 Teacher 2
x1  473 x2  459
s1 = 39.7 s2 = 24.5
n1 = 8 n2 = 18
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Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Solution:
Note that s1 and s2 are unknown, the samples are
random and independent, and the populations are
normally distributed. So, you can use the t-test. The
claim is “there is a difference in the mean mathematics
test scores for the students of the two teachers.” So, the
null and alternative hypotheses are
H0: m1 = m2 and Ha: m1  m2. (Claim)

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Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Because the population variances are not equal and the
smaller sample size is 8, use d.f. = 8 1 = 7. The test is a
two-tailed test with d.f. = 7 and a = 0.10, so the critical
values are t0 = 1.895 and t0 = 1.895. The rejection
regions are t < 1.895 and t > 1.895.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The standardized test statistic is
t= Use the t-test (variances are
= not equal).
0.922.

Assume m1 = m2, so
m1 m2 = 0.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The figure shows the location of the rejection regions and
the standardized test statistic t. Because t is not in the
rejection region, you fail to reject the null hypothesis.

There is not enough evidence

at the 10% level of significance
to support the claim that the
mean mathematics test scores
for the students of the two
teachers are different.

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Example: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
A manufacturer claims that the mean driving cost per
mile of its sedans is less than that of its leading
competitor. You conduct a study using 30 randomly
selected sedans from the manufacturer and 32 from the
leading competitor. The results are shown. At a = 0.05,
can you support the manufacturer’s claim? Assume the
population variances are equal. (Adapted from American
Automobile Association)

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
Solution:
s1 and s2 are unknown, the samples are random and
independent, and both n1 and n2 are at least 30. So, you
can use the t-test. The claim is “the mean driving cost
per mile of the manufacturer’s sedans is less than that of
its leading competitor.” So, the null and alternative
hypotheses are
H0: m1  m2 and Ha: m1 < m2. (Claim)

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The population variances are equal, so d.f. = n1 + n2 2 =
30 + 32 2 = 60. Because the test is a left-tailed test with
d.f. = 60 and = 0.05, the critical value is
t0 = 1.671. The rejection region is t < 1.671.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
To make the calculation of the standardized test statistic
easier, first find the standard error.

=
=
0.0155416

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The standardized test statistic is
t = Use the t-test (variances are equal).

= Assume m1 = m2, so m1 m2 = 0.
1.930.

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 Solution: Two-Sample t-Test for
the Difference Between Means
The figure shows the location of the rejection region
and the standardized test statistic t. Because t is in the
rejection region, you reject the null hypothesis.

There is enough evidence at

the 5% level of significance
to support the manufacturer’s
claim that the mean driving cost
per mile of its sedans is less
than that of its competitor’s.

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