‫ِبْس ِم ِهللا الَّر ْح ٰم ِن الَّر ِح ْيِم‬

NON-INVASIVE
GLUCOMETRE WITH
INSULIN PUMP
Presented By:
Ibrar Ali (70113028)
Saad Nawaz(70110169)
Sameed Hassan (70113487)
Presented to:
Ma’am Irza

3
 INTRODUCTION
Challenges of Managing Diabetes:
1. Invasive Monitoring Techniques:
• Traditional glucose monitoring involves frequent
finger pricks, which can be painful and inconvenient.
• Many patients find it challenging to adhere to regular
monitoring due to discomfort.
2. Varied Glucose Levels:
• Glucose levels can fluctuate significantly throughout
the day, making it difficult for individuals to maintain
stable blood sugar levels.
• Managing these fluctuations requires constant
vigilance and adjustment of insulin doses.
3. Insulin Delivery Challenges:
• Conventional insulin delivery methods involve
multiple daily injections or the use of insulin pumps.
• Compliance issues may arise due to the need for
regular injections and the stigma associated with
carrying and using insulin devices.
Need for Improved Monitoring
and Insulin Delivery:
1. Reducing Patient Burden:
1. The need for frequent finger pricks and injections can
be a significant burden on individuals with diabetes.
2. Improved monitoring and insulin delivery aim to
reduce the physical and emotional toll on patients.
2. Enhancing Precision:
1. Advanced monitoring technologies provide more
accurate and real-time data on glucose levels,
allowing for precise insulin dosing.
2. This helps in minimizing the risk of both
hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
3. Promoting Continuous Monitoring:
1. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems offer
a more comprehensive understanding of glucose
trends throughout the day.
2. This continuous data allows for timely adjustments in
insulin delivery, contributing to better glycemic
control.
Current Diabetes Management
Glucometer
1. Principle of Operation:
1. Traditional glucometers measure blood glucose levels using a small blood sample obtained through a
finger prick.
2. The blood is applied to a test strip, and the glucometer provides a numerical readout of the glucose
concentration in the blood.
2. Frequency of Use:
1. Users typically need to perform multiple daily finger pricks to monitor their blood sugar levels.
2. This method is crucial for managing diabetes but can be invasive and may lead to discomfort and
reluctance to monitor regularly.
3. Portability:
1. Glucometers are often portable and compact, allowing users to carry them easily for on-the-go
monitoring.
2. However, the requirement for lancets, test strips, and the meter itself can still contribute to the overall
burden on users.
Current Diabetes Management
• Insulin Pumps:
4. Administration of Insulin:
4. Insulin pumps are devices designed to deliver a continuous supply of insulin throughout the
day, mimicking the natural insulin release of a healthy pancreas.
5. They use a small tube (cannula) inserted under the skin to deliver insulin directly.
5. Adjustable Dosing:
4. Insulin pumps allow users to adjust their insulin doses based on factors such as meals,
physical activity, and individual insulin sensitivity.
5. This flexibility can contribute to better glycemic control.
6. Infusion Sets:
4. Users typically need to change infusion sets every few days, ensuring proper insulin delivery
and minimizing the risk of infection.
5. This process involves attaching a new infusion set to a different subcutaneous site.
Challenges
1. Finger Pricks:
1. Invasive Monitoring: Traditional glucose monitoring methods
require individuals to perform frequent finger pricks to obtain
blood samples for testing.
2. Discomfort and Pain: The process of pricking the finger can be
uncomfortable and, in some cases, painful. This discomfort may
lead to reluctance in monitoring blood glucose levels regularly.
2. Multiple Daily Injections:
1. Insulin Delivery: Many individuals with diabetes, particularly
those with type 1 diabetes or advanced type 2 diabetes, rely on
multiple daily injections to administer insulin.
2. Administration of Medications: Besides insulin, other
medications may also be administered through injections,
adding to the frequency of needle use.
Challenges
• Constant Vigilance:
• Fluctuating Glucose Levels: Blood glucose levels
can fluctuate throughout the day, influenced by factors
such as meals, physical activity, stress, and illness.
• Adjusting Insulin Doses: Individuals with diabetes
need to be vigilant in adjusting their insulin doses to
maintain target glucose levels and prevent both
hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia
(low blood sugar).
• Dietary and Lifestyle Considerations: Maintaining a
healthy lifestyle, including adhering to dietary
restrictions and exercise regimens, requires
continuous awareness.
 Non-Invasive
Glucometer
1. Principle of Operation:
1. Non-invasive glucometers utilize various
technologies to measure glucose levels without
penetrating the skin.
2. Common technologies include infrared
spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy,
electromagnetic sensing, or optical coherence
tomography.
2. No Blood Sampling:
1. Unlike traditional glucometers that rely on blood
samples obtained through finger pricks, non-
invasive glucometers offer a bloodless alternative.
2. This feature addresses the discomfort associated
with frequent finger pricks, making glucose
monitoring more user-friendly.
Non-Invasive Glucometer
3. Sensor Technology:
• Non-invasive glucometers incorporate advanced
sensor technologies to detect glucose levels through
different layers of the skin or other bodily fluids.
• These sensors often work by analyzing the
interaction between light or electromagnetic signals
and the glucose molecules in the body.
4. Continuous Monitoring:
• Some non-invasive glucometers enable continuous
glucose monitoring (CGM), providing real-time
data on glucose trends throughout the day.
• Continuous monitoring offers a more
comprehensive understanding of glucose
fluctuations, allowing for timely adjustments in
diabetes management.
How it works
Sensor Technology:
Non-invasive glucometers use advanced sensors
that are designed to detect glucose levels in the
body without requiring the extraction of blood.
Light or Electromagnetic Signals:
The sensor emits light or electromagnetic signals
towards the skin.
Glucose Absorption:
Glucose molecules in the body absorb or scatter
light in a characteristic manner.
The sensor analyses how the emitted signals are
modified as they interact with the tissues,
providing information about the concentration of
glucose in the blood.
Advantages of Non-Invasive
Glucometer
1. Elimination of Finger Pricks:
• Reduced Discomfort: One of the primary
advantages is the elimination of the need for finger
pricks. This reduces the physical discomfort
associated with traditional blood glucose monitoring.
2. Improved Patient Compliance:
• Increased Monitoring Frequency: Without the
need for painful finger pricks, individuals may be
more likely to monitor their glucose levels regularly,
contributing to better adherence to recommended
monitoring schedules.
• Enhanced User Experience: The more comfortable
and user-friendly experience of non-invasive
glucometers can positively impact patient
compliance with diabetes management protocols.
Advantages of Non-Invasive
Glucometer
1. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM):
• Real-Time Data: Many non-invasive glucometers
enable continuous glucose monitoring, providing real-
time data on glucose levels throughout the day.
• Timely Adjustments: Continuous monitoring allows
for timely adjustments to insulin doses or lifestyle
factors, contributing to improved glycemic control.
2. Reduced Risk of Infections:
• No Blood Sampling: As non-invasive glucometers do
not require blood sampling, the risk of infections
associated with puncture wounds, or the use of needles
is significantly reduced.
 Insulin Pump Integration
1. Real-Time Glucose Data:
1. Integration allows the non-invasive glucometer to
continuously monitor glucose levels in real-time.
2. The pump receives up-to-date information, enabling
precise adjustments to insulin delivery based on the
individual's changing glucose levels.
2. Closed-Loop Systems:
1. Integration facilitates the development of closed-
loop systems, also known as artificial pancreas
systems.
2. In a closed-loop system, the non-invasive
glucometer provides real-time data to the insulin
pump, allowing it to automatically adjust insulin
delivery without the need for constant manual
intervention.
Insulin Pump Integration
3. Automated Insulin Adjustments:
• The integrated system can automatically calculate and
administer the appropriate amount of insulin in
response to variations in glucose levels.
• This reduces the risk of both hyperglycemia (high blood
sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), providing
more stable and controlled glycemic levels.
4. Reduced User Burden:
• Integration minimizes the need for individuals to
manually adjust insulin doses based on glucose
readings.
• This can reduce the cognitive load on the user and
alleviate the constant vigilance required in traditional
diabetes management.
Future work
• With a lot of tech giants working on it to implant it in wearable devices, which
obviously will be expensive when compared to this device, so there is a lot of
work that can be done on this project. Replacing the microcontroller with a better
one that can detect lowest voltage changes as well, an app can be built that can be
interfaced with this device that will provide the patient with all the readings he has
taken from the device and serves as a memory. Different wavelengths can be used
along with the 940 nm for removing the impact of other substances in the blood
• More sensitive sensors can be used for more accuracy and to check the accuracy a
large database such as that of a hospital lab can be accessed as well. And also, in
future we launch a mobile app which controls the insulin pump ranges and set the
range through mobile app