Active ingredient: Sodium

hypochlorite
Formula: NaClO
Purpose: Remove stains and
whiten
Active ingredient: Sodium
carbonate
Formula: Na2CO3
Purpose: Used to improve
cleaning efficiency
Active ingredient:
Fluoride
Formula: F-
Purpose: Protect against
tooth decay
Objectives:
Identify active and Major Ingredients in
cleaning products
Recognize the different uses of the
ingredients in cleaning products.
Cleaning Agents

Any agent that helps in the removal of soil is

called a cleaning agent. Cleaning agents may
be either natural or synthetically developed.
They are generally classified as: water,
detergents, abrasives, degreasers, acid
cleaners, organic solvents, and other
cleaning agents.
1. Water
Water is the simplest and most
popular form of cleaning agent. It
is extremely user friendly, is a good
solvent, stable and has a high
boiling point of 100°C. Water is
easily available and is also cost
effective. Water reacts with several
other materials including minerals.
2. Detergents
Detergents are agents which aid
better cleaning. All the limitations
that water has are overcome using
detergents. Hence, they help to
reduce surface tension of water,
emulsify (break-up) soil and lift it
from surface, suspend soil in the
cleaning solution, relatively more
effective in hard water and
generally safe to use.
3. Abrasives
Abrasives are very harsh cleaning agents.
They are made up of mineral particles and
hence are very hard and rough to use.
Some of the commonly used abrasives are
pumice, sand, steel wool and calcite. In
addition, abrasives may contain alkalis (to
remove grease), chlorine (to disinfect) and
organic solvents (to dissolve grease).
Based on their texture, abrasives may be
categorized as creams, liquids, pastes, and
powder.
4. Degreasers
Degreasers consist of strong alkalis to dissolve proteins. They
are extremely corrosive and damage the surface. Most of the
degreasers have a base of sodium metasilicate or caustic soda.
5. Acid
Acids can dissolve calcium and metal
salts and find use in tub, tile, sink and
toilet bowl cleaners. Phosphoric acid
is a common ingredient in such
formulations. Hydrochloric acid is a
strong acid used in some toilet bowl
cleaners. Acids react with water
insoluble chemicals to produce
water-soluble salts.
6. Disinfectants
Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents can
destroy bacteria and viruses by interfering
with their metabolism or destroying their cell
walls. Different chemical structures can serve
this purpose, including alcohol, sodium
hypochlorite, iodine, pine oil, phenolics and
quaternary ammonium compounds. Such
molecules act as disinfectants in household
cleaning product formulations.
OTHER INGREDIENTS ARE PRESENT IN HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS TO VARYING DEGREES,
DEPENDING ON THE JOB THE PRODUCT IS FORMULATED TO PERFORM.

• Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) provides alkalinity at a

somewhat lower pH. It is useful for buffering formulations
which will contact the skin and for other uses where mildness
is important.
iNGREDIENTS IN
HOUSEHOLD
CLEANERS
In household cleaning formulations, the surfactant
(surface active agent) is often the most important single
component. One or more surfactants are present in most
all-purpose and specialty products. Other ingredients
soften water, provide alkalinity, bleach, destroy
microorganisms, and provide a wide variety of specific
cleaning and aesthetic functions.
OTHER INGREDIENTS ARE PRESENT IN HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS TO VARYING DEGREES,
DEPENDING ON THE JOB THE PRODUCT IS FORMULATED TO PERFORM.

• Silicates perform additional useful functions. They provide

corrosion protection, particularly on “white” metals like
aluminium . They are also helpful in suspending fine particles
and reducing the redeposition of soil that has been removed
from surfaces. Ammonia is a particularly useful alkali in floor
wax removers.
• • Colorants are present in most products. They provide a
product with an individual characteristic and an appealing
appearance. Often, they also act as tracers. In certain toilet
bowl cleaners, for example, the disappearance of color indicates
the product is exhausted. In other products, the tracer indicates
the location of product and helps assure uniform product
application, as in certain floor cleaners.
• Fragrances cover the base odor of the
chemicals used in cleaning products. They may
also counteract any bad odor inherent in soil
itself and leave a pleasing scent after cleaning.
• Bleaching agents act as soil and stain removers. They attack
soil chemically, breaking it down to smaller units The most
used bleaching agent is sodium hypochlorite, which is prepared
from chlorine gas and a solution of sodium hydroxide. Sodium
hypochlorite is an effective, relatively indiscriminate oxidizing
agent. Not only does it attack soil, but it is also a disinfectant
capable of attacking and destroying bacteria, viruses and mold.
• Processing aids are added to keep the product
homogeneous under varying storage conditions, and
to provide desirable dispensing characteristics. Such
aids include clays, polymers, sodium silicate and
sodium sulphate.