SCIENCE PROJECT

MADE BY HASSAN IRFAN

 -EARTH -
PANGEA :The story begins with Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), a
German meteorologist and geophysicist who noticed something curious
when he looked at a map of the world. Wegener observed that the
continents of South America and Africa looked like they would fit
together remarkably well—take away the Atlantic Ocean and these two
massive landforms would lock neatly together. He also noted that similar
fossils were found on continents separated by oceans, additional
evidence that perhaps the landforms had once been joined. He
hypothesized that all of the modern-day continents had previously been
clumped together in a supercontinent he called Pangaea (from ancient
Greek, meaning “all lands” or “all the Earth”). Over millions of years,
Wegener suggested, the continents had drifted apart. He did not know
what drove this movement, however. Wegener first presented his idea of
continental drift in 1912, but it was widely ridiculed and soon, mostly,
forgotten. Wegener never lived to see his theory accepted—he died at the
age of 50 while on an expedition in Greenland.
 TECTONIC PLATES
• Tectonic plates are composed of the oceanic
lithosphere and the thicker continental lithosphere,
each topped by its own kind of crust. Along
convergent plate boundaries, the process of
subduction carries the edge of one plate down
under the other plate and into the mantle. This
process reduces the total surface area (crust) of
the Earth. The lost surface is balanced by the
formation of new oceanic crust along divergent
margins by seafloor spreading, keeping the total
surface area constant in a tectonic "conveyor belt".
 FOSSIL FUELS
• A fossil fuel[a] is a hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas,[2] formed
naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and
burned as a fuel. Fossil fuels may be burned to provide heat for use directly (such as for cooking
or heating), to power engines (such as internal combustion engines in motor vehicles), or to
generate electricity.[3] Some fossil fuels are refined into derivatives such as kerosene, gasoline
and propane before burning. The origin of fossil fuels is the anaerobic decomposition of buried
dead organisms, containing organic molecules created by photosynthesis.[4] The conversion
from these materials to high-carbon fossil fuels typically requires a geological process of
millions of years.[5]

• In 2022, over 80% of primary energy consumption in the world and over 60% of its electricity
was from fossil fuels.[6] The large-scale burning of fossil fuels causes serious environmental
damage. Over 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity in 2022 was CO2
from burning them.[7] Natural processes on Earth, mostly absorption by the ocean, can remove
only a small part of this CO2. Therefore, there is a net increase of many billion tonnes of
atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.[8] Although methane leaks are significant,[9]: 52 the
burning of fossil fuels is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions causing global warming
and ocean acidification. Additionally, most air pollution deaths are due to fossil fuel particulates
and noxious gases. It is estimated that this costs over 3% of the global gross domestic
product[10] and that fossil fuel phase-out will save millions of lives each year.[11][12]
 -SPACE-
• ASTERIOD: Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky remnants left
over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.

• The current known asteroid count is:

• Most of this ancient space rubble can be found orbiting our Sun between Mars
and Jupiter within the main asteroid belt. Asteroids range in size from Vesta –
the largest at about 329 miles (530 kilometers) in diameter – to bodies that are
less than 33 feet (10 meters) across. The total mass of all the asteroids
combined is less than that of Earth's Moon.

• Most asteroids are irregularly shaped, though a few are nearly spherical, and
they are often pitted or cratered. As they revolve around the Sun in elliptical
orbits, the asteroids also rotate, sometimes quite erratically, tumbling as they
go. More than 150 asteroids are known to have a small companion moon (some
have two moons). There are also binary (double) asteroids, in which two rocky
bodies of roughly equal size orbit each other, as well as triple asteroid
systems.
 THE FORMATION OF MOON
• Earth’s Moon is thought to have formed in a tremendous
collision. A massive object ― named Theia after the
mythological Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene,
goddess of the Moon ― smashed into Earth, flinging material
into space that became tThe early solar system would have
been a chaotic, terrifying place. Debris left over from the
formation of the Sun coalesced into a disk around the star,
creating clumps that ranged in size from dust flecks to
minor planets. Gravity drew these objects together, causing
them to crash into each other ― violent smashups that could
end in obliteration or new, larger objects. Those mashed-
together objects make up the planets, moons, asteroids and
other solar system objects we know today.
 HOW ARE STARS FORMED
• Stars form in large clouds of gas and dust called molecular
clouds. Molecular clouds range from 1,000 to 10 million times
the mass of the Sun and can span as much as hundreds of
light-years. Molecular clouds are cold which causes gas to
clump, creating high-density pockets. Some of these clumps
can collide with each other or collect more matter,
strengthening their gravitational force as their mass grows.
Eventually, gravity causes some of these clumps to collapse.
When this happens, friction causes the material to heat up,
which eventually leads to the development of a protostar – a
baby star. Batches of stars that have recently formed from
molecular clouds are often called stellar clusters, and
molecular clouds full of stellar clusters are called stellar
nurseries.