a.

basics view
PC  millions mobile network
of connected
server computing devices:
wireless  hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop
smartphone
 running network apps
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
 fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links  transmission rate:
bandwidth

 Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
 routers and switches
Introduction 1-1
a. basics view

 Internet: “network of networks”

 Interconnected ISPs
 protocols control sending, receiving of messages
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11

protocols define format, order of messages sent and

received among network entities, and actions taken on
message transmission and receipt

 Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

Introduction 1-2
b. service view

 Infrastructure that
provides services to
applications:
 e.g. Web, VoIP, email,
games, e-commerce, social
nets, …

 Applications are the

driving force behind the
Internet
 Without useful networking
applications, there would be
no need for networks !
Introduction 1-3
 c. structure view
3 key parts
 network edge:
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers
 access networks: connect end
systems to edge router
 e.g. digital subscriber line (DSL),
Cable network, home network,
enterprise access network, wireless
access network

 network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks Introduction 1-4
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Packet switching vs. circuit switching
a. Packet switching
b. Circuit switching
c. Summary and comparison

1.3 Protocol layers and service models

1.4 End-to-end scenario: walkthrough

Introduction 1-5
Packet switching vs. circuit
switching
 Network core is a mesh of
interconnected routers

 how is data transferred

through the net?
 packet-switching: data sent
thru net in discrete
“chunks”
 circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net

Introduction 1-6
a. Packet switching
Hosts break application-layer messages into packets
 forward packets from one router to the next, across links
on path from source to destination
 each packet transmitted at full link capacity, using store
and forward principle.

Introduction 1-7
b. Circuit switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source & dest:
 In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top
link and 1st circuit in right
link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used
by call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction 1-8
b. Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM: Frequency-Division Multiplexing
4 users

frequency

time
TDM: Time-Division Multiplexing

frequency

time
Introduction 1-9
c. Summary and comparison
Packet switching (PS):
 break application-layer
messages into packets
 No resource reservation
 Resources are shared
 No guarantees
 Allow more users than CS
 Each packet may follow
different path
 Used in Internet
Circuit switching (CS):
 Resource reservation
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 Guaranteed performance
 Less users than PS
 circuit segment idle if not
used by call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction 1-10