ANALYSIS

AND
INTERPRETA
TION OF
ASSESSMENT
RESULTS
 STATISTICS

Statistics is the process of collecting,

organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data to
create a valid conclusion and
rational decisions.
STAGES OF STATISTICAL ENQUIRY
Collection of Data
1 the process of data gathering, such as interview,
questionnaires, tests, observations,
registrations, and experiments.

Presentation of Data
2 organizing of data through tabular,
graphical, or textual presentation
STAGES OF STATISTICAL ENQUIRY
ANALYSIS OF DATA
3 the process of extracting from the given data
relevant and noteworthy information using
statistical techniques and methods.

INTERPREETATION OF
4 DATA
drawing of conclusions or
inferences from the analyzed data.
 TWO DIVISIONS IN STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
statistical procedure concerned with
describing the characteristics and
properties of a group of persons,
places or things that based on
confirmable facts.
INFERENTIAL
statistical procedure used to draw
inferences from the population by
obtaining information from the
sample by using techniques of
descriptive statistics.
CLASSIFICATION
OF VARIABLE
QUALITATI
contains categorical or qualitative
responses. It refers to the characteristics or
VE
attributes of the sample such as civil status,
religious affiliations, gender.
VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLE
contains numerical responses representing QUANTITATIV
an amount or quantity such as height,
weight, number of children E VARIABLE
a. Discrete - values obtained by counting,
e.g., births, students in the class
b. Continuous - values obtained by
measurement, e.g., age, height
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE

variable which is affected by another

variable, e.g., test scores
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

variable which affects the other

variable (e.g., number of hours spent
for studying)
Levels of Measurements of Variables
NOMINAL
data are categorical and the
numbers are used as identifiers
or a representation.
ORDINAL
denotes an ordered series of
associations or rank order
INTERVAL
represents a quantity and has
equal units in which zero
indicates an additional point of
measurement is an interval scale.
RATIO
it is a scale of measurement which
is similar to the interval scale that
represents quantity and has
equality of units
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES OF THE FOUR

Indications Indicates Indicates Absolute

Difference Direction of Amount of Zero
Difference Difference

NOMINAL YES

ORDINAL YES YES

INTERVAL YES YES YES

RATIO YES YES YES YES

 DATA COLLECTION
done to keep on record for further
use, to make essential decisions
about different problems, and to
disseminate information on to
others.
 DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY SECONDARY
collection of data from collection of data from the
the first-hand source second-hand source
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES

METHODS CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Direct or Researcher has Clarification can Costly and time-

interview method direct contact to do easily consuming
the respondents
Indirect or Researcher gives Saves time and Problem of
questionnaire or distributes money; A large retrieval
method questionnaire to number of
the respondents samples can
either by reach
personal delivery
or by mail
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES
METHODS CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Registration Information is Most reliable Data are limited

method based on the since law to what is
compliance with enforces it registered in the
specific laws, documents
policies, rules,
regulations, oг
standard
practices.
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES

METHODS CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Observation The researcher Can go beyond Lots of threats to

method wants to control plain description internal or
the factors external validity
affecting the
variable being
studied to find
out cause and
effect
relationships
 DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES

METHODS CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Observation Utilized to gather Data can be Information may

method data regarding quickly gathered be subjected to
attitudes, with the available subjective
behavior or time of the judgments
values and researcher since
cultural pattern of it can be done
the samples anytime.
under
investigation
 DATA PRESENTATION

TEXTU TABUL GRAPHIC

AL AR AL
TEXTUAL DATA PRESENTATION

data presented in a paragraph or in

sentences
TABULAR DATA PRESENTATION

makes use of rows and columns

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

statistical table that shows frequency

of observations for each of the
defined classes or categories
 PARTS OF STATISTICAL TABLE
1. Table Heading - contains table number
and title of the table
2. Body - it is the main part of the table that
covers the information or figures
3. Stubs or classes - it is the classification
or categories describing the data and
usually found at the left most side of the
table.
4. Boxhead - located in the top of the body
which includes the subhead, the master
caption and the column caption.
 TYPES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
data are grouped according to some
qualitative characteristics; data are data are grouped according to
grouped into non-numerical some numerical or quantitative
categories. characteristics.
GRAPHICAL DATA PRESENTATION

numerical data provided in a

frequency distribution table or
contingency table
 COMMON TYPES OF GRAPH

01 02 03 04

SCATTER BAR AND

LINE PIE
GRAPH COLUMN
CHART CHART
GRAPH
 SCATTER GRAPH

a graph used to present

measurements or values
that are thoughts to be
related
 LINE CHART

a graphical presentation
of data especially useful
for showing trends over
a period of time.
 PIE CHART

a circular graph that is

useful in showing how a
total quantity is distributed
among a grouped of
categories.
 COLUMN AND BAR GRAPH

like pie charts, column

charts and bar charts are
applicable only to
grouped data.
THANK
S!