THE

SIMULTANEOUS
OPERATIONS
MEMBERS:
AYLEON MICHAL M.
ASPERA DELL
BALISTOY FERNAND
BINALLA JUSTIN
BRAVA JOSEPH
A. CHART MARKINGS

 Mankind has used signs and symbols since the beginning of time.
The absence of sign can cause a great deal of confusion. As an
illustration, a stranger on a crossroad without any sign will not know
the right road to take in order that he will reach his destination. By
the simple experience of adding signs and markings to indicate
location, will eliminate confusion. The same situation confronts the
polygraph examiner. Without marking of any kind, it is impossible
to evaluate the chart and arrive at any conclusion.
>
Chart marking is a very important part of the polygraph technique. The
examiner may have the best training, used the most advance method and run
miles of chart tracing yet the value if his endeavor is not without proper chart
markings. One or two seconds that he is off on chart marking can easily create
misinterpretation.
To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test charts, markings are made
with the use of signs and symbols to enable the examiner to determine the
following:
1. Exact time the test commenced and terminated:
2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanograph readings;
3. Particular point where each question asked started and ended.
Corresponding identification of the question, and the type and time of answer
given by the subject;
4. Duration and amplitude of reaction patterns.
5. Any instruction given or repetition of question made;
 6. Any movement, cough tracing by the suspect or outside
distractions that occurred;
7. Mechanical adjustment or re-adjustment made;
. Extraneous factors affecting test chart such as paper jams;
9. Time interval between questions; and
10. Chart number, name of subject, time, date, and place taken and
the name and signature of the examiner.
 B. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (COMMONLY USED)

X / 60 / 1.5 A - first markings of the examiner on the chart

XX / 60 / 1.5 A - examiner's mark after the test
X - start of the test
XX - end of the test
60 - millimeter of mercury shown in sphygmomanometer dial
1.5 - ohms of skin electrical resistance
A or M - refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier used
// - particular point where each question begins and end (also called
stimulus mark)
+ - Yes answer to question
+ - No answer to question
A - adjustment
T - Asubject talked instead of answering with single Yes or No
R - subject request for repetition of question
C - coughing
N - Noise
S - sigh by the subject
PJ - paper jam
SN - subject sniffed
BI - breathing instruction
OS -tracing changed caused by outside stimulus
M - movement
IM - movement instruction
L - laugh
B - used to signify belch
C+ - Increase in galvo sensitivity
C- - decrease in galvo sensitivity
Y - yawn
IS - ink stop
CT - clearing of throat
CHART INTERPRETATIONS

The most important single factor in polygraph testing is chart

interpretation. The accuracy of instrumental detection of deception is
dependent upon the examiners ability to diagnose truth or deception
by reading and interpretation of subjects chart. The changes or
deviation from the normal recording of the pneumo, cardio and galvo
tracings which appears as the subject answers at test question is
referred to as response. A "response" constitutes a deviation from the
subject norm. The most significant and dependable indicator of
deception is a stimulus response and when such response occur in
two or more charts, these response are referred to as "specific
response".
"THE GENERAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION“

1. There must be specific response.

2. To be specifice, it must form a deviation from the norm.
3. The specific response must appear in at least two (2) test charts.
4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneously specific in
the three (3) tracings of the chart.
WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE OF THE TEST CHARTS?
It is the basis of the examiners findings. It contains the reaction of the subject during the tests.

A. CHANGE IN PNEUMO TRACING

- Changes in the Pneumo Tracing which may fall into the category of specific response when
accompanied by a response in the cardio or even the galvo tracing are as follows.
1. Change in Rhythm or raRegularity The te normal breathing is 18 cycle per minute.
Usually a change in rate will be either a decrease with increase amplitude causing an
uregularity in the respiration pattern of varying duration. These rate volume changes are due to
the need for oxygen to compensate for an accelerated heart action or for previous suppression
of breathing.
2. Change in Amplitude or Volume In normal respiration, an average of about one point of
air is inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle known as tidal air. But the lungs are not
completely deflated during normal exhalation, there still remaining the residual air. In what is
known as a sigh, there is an increase in the residual volume causing the recorded inspiration
stroke to go higher and the expiration stroke lower than the normal breathing
3. Change in Inspiration, Expiration Rate In normal respiration, the time consumed in inspiration and
expiration has a ratio of three to five which means the inspiration takes only 3/5 as long as the expiration.
Researcher especially Benussi and Burt established that this change with emotion, the simplest method for
determining such changes is the vertical line through the apex of the pneumo cycle before and after question
stimuli and then measure the distance between the vertical lines. Actual measurement may not necessary,
however, as the changes are usually rendered discernible by the drawing of the line.
4. Notch or Serrated Inspiration or Expiration Stroke These are frequent occurrence, serration may record in
the case of the subject in an intense nervous state as a result of tremendous breathing. A notch on either stroke
may indicate catching of the breath when surprised or shocked, talking, coughing, erying, swallowing may affect
the tracing. The customary "YES" OR "NO" answer may be rendered as a small notch in the expiration, seldom
in the inspiration stroke for the reason that we do not normally speak during inspiration. This is easily discernable
when the base of the inspiration tracing represented the guideline. The baseline may either fall below or rise
above this line during or after relevant question. The rate and volume may or may not be altered. This part caused
by the subjects sensing of the importance of the stimulus and braced the body not to exhibit any external
manifestation.
5. Hyperventalation The subject usually attempt to befuddle the examiner from making an interpretation from the
pneumo pattern, he resorts to a regular deep breathing in an attempt to beat the test. Hyperventilation may appear
when stimulus is of which an impact upon the plight mechanism of the body, which it stores up oxygen, it may be
caused by prolonged suppression of the breathing such that the deficit oxygen has to be compensated when the
danger has passed.

6. Suppression Suppression or shallow breathing may a sort of bracing against anticipated shock on an attempt to
control the reaction to a shock just received. When suppression of breathing correlates closely with the crucial
question, it became highly significant particularly when accompanied by similar in the blood pressure tracing.
7. Respiratory Block
Respiratory block is easily identified of the respiratory changes. It is an exaggerated form of suppression in which
there is a usual shortening of both the inspiration and expiration stroke that appears as straight line. Respiratory block
or holding of breath through more than or two cycles usually indicates an attempt to beat the test
B. THE GALVO TRACING
Two galvo tracing which may be indicative of deception are the vertical rise point of
deception only, double saddle responses, long duration and or degree of response
following the point of deception and the plunging of the galvanograph tracing. In most
cases, the galvo tracing which is a measure of increase or decrease of the subject's skin
resistance, rise and falls with each stimulus. The highest or the lowest or absence of such
rise or fall in the crucial question may also be indicative.

GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION RESPONSES

1. Double Saddle Response

2. Rise from the Baseline
3. Vertical Rise Point
4. Long Duration
5. Plunging of the tracing
C. THE CARDIO TRACING
The Cardio Tracing which takes the Form of Specific Response and Considered
Indication of Deception:
1. Increase and Decrease of the Blood Pressure This easily learned by the trend of the
cardio tracing. An increase in blood pressure is indicative by a rise in the cardio tracing
and a decrease by a fall. With every stimulus, the blood pressure tracing tend to have a
slight increase and decrease of the magnitude and duration of the rise and fall of the
cardio tracing that is taken into consideration in comparison most particularly between
the relevant and control question.
2. Increase in Blood Pressure Only This indicated by a sustain rise in the blood
pressure tracing during a crucial question and return to the norm when the subject is
released from that stimulus by the introduction of irrelevant question.
3. Decrease Only in Blood Pressure When there is a fall of the cardio tracing or after a
crucial question from a level of smooth tracing, a decrease in blood pressure is indicated,
this necessitate mechanical adjustment when the tracing fail to return to its former level.
4. An Increase or Decrease Pulse Rate Increase in pulse rate is easily recognized as the
cardio pattern becomes close XI together, and with a decrease in pulse rate result, the cardio
pattern becomes far apart.
5. Increase or Decrease of Amplitude When the cardio pattern becomes taller, there is an
increase in amplitude; a decrease in height in the pattern is a decrease of amplitude.
6. Change in the Position or Disappearance of Diacrotic Notch The diacritic notch tends to
change position depending upon the blood pressure in the system. Too much air will have the
notch at the bottom, and too little air will place it at the top of the diastolic stroke during rise
in blood pressure. The diacrotic notch tends to go top of the diastolic and upon return of the
tracing to its original level, the diacrotic notch may change its position, at times it disappeared
entirely.
7. Extra Systole The premature contractions of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental
rhythm of the heart is maintain cause of extra systole to appear, This is highly indicative of
deception, except when the entire cardiac tracing has it, which may indicative of cardiac
trouble.
FOUR (4) PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION

1. PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS - Initial

Interview with the investigator handling the case or
person requesting it.

The Groups Involved in the Case:

a. Victim/Complainant
b. Suspects
c. Witnesses
"The three groups in the case are all liars"
This phase includes;
A. Obtaining and evaluating facts
a. Determining the areas, the subject needs to be asked
b. The investigator must furnish the examiner of the following:
a. Sworn statement of the suspect / witnesses/victim/complainant.
b. Incident or spot report
c. B.I. of the suspect, witnesses, and victim/complainants.
d. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as;
1) Specific article and exact amount of money stolen.
2) Peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set. 3) Exact time the offense was
committed.
4) Known facts about the suspect's action or movement.
5) Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim and witnesses.
6) Exact type of weapon, tool or firearms used.
7) Result of laboratory test. 😎 Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the
victim, suspects and the investigator.
2. PRE-TEST INTERVIEW WITH THE SUBJECT
-The primary purpose of the pre-test interview is to prepare or condition the subject
for the test.
a. The appraisal of subject's constitutional right.
b. Obtain subject's consent to undergo polygraph test by signing a statement of
consent.
c. The taking of personal data of the subject.
d. Determining his/her suitability as a subject.
e. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject.
f. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case.

FOUR RIGHTS OF THE SUBJECTS:

1. The right to remain silent 2. Anything you say may be used in favor or against
you 3. The right to have a lawyer of his/her own choice
4. Right to refuse
"When the blood pressure rise up to 150 over 100 do not conduct examination"
Persons or subjects will not be scheduled for examination when they:
a. Are obviously fatigued or in ill health.
b. Are physically injured or in pain.
c. Their judgment is obviously influenced by or impaired by drugs or
alcohol.
d. Have just suffered emotional trauma.
3.EXAMINATION/INSTRUMENTAL TEST
The conduct of Instrumentation and Actual Test.
After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to place the attachment on the
subject. The first to be attached is Pneumograph, then the Cardiosphymograph and the
Galvanograph. Review all the questions with the subject before the actual examination is made.
The examiner should discourage any comments or statement by the subjects. Test instrument
must be given to the subject.
A. Upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparation, the transducers are attached to
the body of the subject.
B. The blood pressure pulse cuff is wrapped around snugly around the subject's upper arm and
the pneumograph tube adjusted around the chest. C. If female subject/s or around the body, if
male subject/s or around the torso of male subjects.
D. The cuff is then inflated to a point approximate midway between the systolic and diastolic
blood pressure. That is midway between the pressure produced by the output action of the heart
and that maintained at the time of the hearts intake action.
E. The synchronous motor carrying the paper upon which blood pressure
pulse respirations recording are made is then set in motion, the motor
being so timid that the paper moves along at the rate of a out six inches per
minute, then ten to fifteen seconds after the instrument has been set in
motion, the inked filled pens of the instruments are permitted to make their
blood pressure pulse respiration tracings before the question are asked of
the subject.
F. During the test period the subject is informed that he will be asked
several questions which should be answered by either yes or no answers,
and that they are so brief and to the point.
G. Approximately five to ten seconds after this instruction first question is
asked and then the other questions follows after or at the interval of fifteen
or twenty seconds.
4. POST-INTERVIEW / INTEROGATION This includes all consideration that bears on the
examination. This is done just after the instrument is turned off. If the Polygraph test result
indicates deception, the examiner will then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The
purpose of which is to obtain confession. However, if the Polygraph indicates that the subject
is innocent; the examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks him/her for his/her
cooperation.

The purposes of further questioning after the test are:

A.to clarify the findings;
B. to learn if there are any other reasons for the subject's responding to a relevant
question, other than the knowledge of the crime; and
C. to obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement purposes, if
the results suggest deception.
Different Types of Question
1. Irrelevant Questions
-these questions are formulated without any specific relationship with the
case under investigation. They are assigned to established subjects
physiological norm and to reduce the excitement level created by a
relevant question, in this question the examiner usually refer to dates,
names of place, subjects position etc.
2. Relevant Questions
- these are the primary or key questions asked by the examiner in order
to resolve a specific subject matter. Its purpose is to detect deception, as
a result of this type of question in the polygraph examination via
between chart probing and interrogation.
 The different types of weak relevant questions, some of which are capable of becoming strong relevant
are further classified as follows;
A. Sacrifice or Dyat Questions -This is designed to absorb the responses generally generated by the
introduction of the first relevant question in the series. It reveals the subjects notre plus duction of the
Excitement level. Construction of this question is regarding the manter under investigation, as "Do you intent
to answer truthfully all the questions about them". Example: Regarding the stolen wristwatch, you intend
truthfully to answer each question about that?

B. Knowledge Questions This is the question designed to prove whether the subject possess information
regarding the identity of the offender, or as to the location of the evidence or other secondary elements of the
case under investigation. The knowledge question is framed *Do you know who committed the offense" in the
formulation of the question and review. Example: Do you know for sure who stole the wristwatch of Hazel?

C. Evidence Connecting Questions This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus his attention on
the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt. In formulating the question the
examiner must secure information from the investigator as to whether or not fingerprints, footprints, tools or
other evidences where collected from the crime scene. The examiners proceeds in asking the question "Was the
evidence found in (crime scene) yours?"
D. Control question (Probable Lie)
This is a question designed to produce a response in the innocent subject and serve as a basis for evaluating
the subjects perceptual set. Control questions would either be a Primary or Secondary. The Primary Control
Question is based on known lie. It must concerned about the events that transpired within three to five years
period before the case under investigation (present) occurred, in example of the question is "before reaching
the age of 20, have you ever stolen anything" The secondary control question is of more specific in nature and
is based upon another experience or wrong doing which will enhance the opportunity for responsiveness. Its
scope covers up to the present period. The question of responsiveness must not be related to the case under
investigation for example, "have you ever committed any crime in your community or have you ever stolen
anything?" e.

E. Symptomatic Questions - These questions are designed to detect and evaluate the presence of the outside
issue factor is neither a case which he is involved, but is nor a subject matter under investigation. An example
of this is "Are you now convinced that I will not ask you any questions aside from those which we have
reviewed? Or "Are you afraid that I will ask you about something which I told you I would not?"

F. SKY Questions - These three questions grouped together by Backster confirm the previous charts and may
detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge. The "S" stands for suspect; the "K" stands for know; and
the"Y" stands for you. The "Y" question is the same as the strong relevant question.