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Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
Hydrophilic region
of protein
Phospholipid
bilayer
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
Microfilaments Peripheral
of cytoskeleton proteins Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE
• Integral proteins that span the membrane are
called transmembrane proteins
• The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein
consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar
amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
N-terminus
C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
Helix
• Six major functions of membrane proteins:
– Transport
– Enzymatic activity
– Signal transduction
– Cell-cell recognition
– Intercellular joining
– Attachment to the cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Signal
Enzymes
Receptor
ATP
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secretory
protein
Glycolipid
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Extracellular face
Transmembrane
Secreted glycoprotein
protein
Plasma membrane:
Membrane structure results in selective
permeability
• A cell must exchange materials with its
surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma
membrane
• Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular traffic
The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
WATER
H2O
Selectively
permeable mem-
brane: sugar mole-
cules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can
Osmosis
Water Balance of Cells Without Walls
50 µm
Contracting vacuole
Water Balance of Cells with Walls
Na+ Na+
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
P
P K+
ATP
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Maintenance of Membrane Potential by Ion Pumps
ATP –
+ H+
H+
Proton pump
H+
– + H+
H+
– +
CYTOPLASM
H+
– +
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane
Protein
Proton pump H+
H+
–
+
H+
–
+
H+ Diffusion
of H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
H+
–
+
–
+ Sucrose
Bulk transport across the plasma membrane
occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
• Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell
through the lipid bilayer or by transport proteins
• Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the membrane via vesicles
Exocytosis
Coated
pit
Ligand
A coated pit
Coat and a coated
protein vesicle formed
during
receptor-
mediated
endocytosis
(TEMs).
Plasma
membrane
0.25 µm
Animations and Videos
• How Diffusion Works
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Plasmolysis
• Contractile Vacuole
Animations and Videos
• Bozeman - Water Potential
• Cotransport
• Proton Pump
• Amoeboid Movement
• Chemical Synapse – 2
• Passive Transport
• Antiport
• Uniport...Carrier Protein
• Symport
• Signal Transduction
• 2nd Messenger
• Signal Amplification – 1
• Signal Amplification – 2