ABSORPTION

IN GIT
 ANATOMIC BASIS
• Total quantity – 1.5 L
• Secretions – 7 L
• Total – 8 to 9 L
• All is absorbed in small intestine
• Except 1.5 L – absorbed in colon
• Stomach is a poor absorbing area
• SI – villi +tight junctions b/w epithelial cells
ABSORPTIVE SURFACE OF SI
• Mucosa – folds – valvulae conniventes
• Increase surface area – 3 folds
• Millions of villi – increase surface area –
10 F
• Brush border – 100 microvilli on each cell
• Mucosal folds +brush border – 1000
folds
 ABSORPTION IN SI
• Several 100 gms CHO(carbohydrates)
• 50 – 100 gms AA(amino acids)
• 50 – 100 gms ions
• 7 – 8 litres of water
• Whereas absrptive capacity is much
more
 ABSORPTION OF WATER
• Occurs by diffusion
• Movement of water molecules from
a high to low conc.
• Chyme from stomach – enters SI – if
much diluted – water is absorbed
• Also called iso osmotic absorption
 ABSORPTION OF IONS

ABSORPTION OF SODIUM
ION:
• 5 – 8 gms intake
• 30 – 40 gms in secretions
• 25 – 30 gms must be absorbed daily
• Less than 0.5% of sodium loss daily
• Sodium also helps to absorb sugars & AAs
• Active transport in basolateral membrane of
cells
• Energy provided by ATP
• Chloride dragged with sodium
OSMOSIS OF WATER:
• Absorption due to osmotic gradient
ROLE OF ALDOSTERONE:
• If dehydration – aldosterone by adrenal glands
• Within 1 -3hrs – increases sodium absorption
• Also water & chloride absorption
• Decreases their excretion
 ABSORPTION OF CHLORIDE
• Occurs by diffusion
• Sodium ions leads to
electropositivity
• That leads to dragging of chloride
ions
ABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE
• Secreted in duodenum in pancreatic secretions
• Then reabsorbed
• When sodium moves inside cell.hydrogen
secreted
• Binds with bicarbonate –carbonic acid
• Splits into water & carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide – exhaled
• Water used in chyme
 Extreme secretion of
sodium,chloride from intstine:
• Immature epithelial cells – deep to epithelial
cells
• Divide to form new epithelial cells
• Also secrete sodium,chloride & water in
lumen
• Reabsorbed by epithelial cells
• Toxins of cholera – stimulate these cells
• Causes increase secretions
• 5 – 10 L of water excreted daily
• Toxins – cAMP(campyllobacter activity
0 – increase activity of sodium chloride
channels
• Increase osmosis – increase water
 ABSORPTION OF Ca-IONS
• Actively absorbed
• Parathyroid hormone
• Increases vit.D activation
• Increases calcium absorption
• Iron,potassium,magnesium &
phosphate all are actively absorbed
ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Major part monosaccharides
• Small as disaccharides
• Glucose – 80%
• Fructose & galactose – 20%
• Absorbed by sodium co transport
mechanism
• Sodium – binds to transport protein does not
transported unless glucose attached with it
 ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
• Absorbed in the form of
dipeptide,tripeptide and amino
acids
• Same mechanism – sodium co-
transport
• Also called secondry active transport
 ABSORPTION OF FATS
• Monoglycerides,free fatty acids
• Dissolved in central portion of bile
micelles
• Near surface of microvilli – diffuse
immediately inside cell
• Bile micelles – back into chyme
• Causes reabsorption again & again
 ABSORPTION IN
LARGE INTESTINE
• 1500 MLs of chyme – large
intestine
• 100mls excreted
• Proximal half colon- absorbing
colon
• Distal half – storage colon
 ABSORPTION & SECRETION OF
ELECTROLYTES
• Active absorption – high capability
• Junctions b/w cells – tight
• Prevents back diffusion
• Sodium actively absorbed along with chloride
• Bicarbonate secreted in turn chloride
absorbed – exchange transport
• Due to osmotic gradient – water absorption
MAXIMUM ABSORPTIVE
CAPACITY:
• 5 – 8 litres of water & electrolytes
each day
• If larger quantity – diarrhea
 BACTERIAL ACTIONS IN
COLON
• Colon bacilli – normally present
• Digest small amount of cellulose
• Others substances – vit B,vit K,
thiamin,riboflavin
• Production of gases
COMPOSITION OF FECES:
• 3/4water
• 1/4solid matter
• 30 %dead bacteria
• 10 – 20%fats
• 10 – 20 %inoaganic matter
• 2 – 3%proteins