CONCEPT OF

ENTHALPY AND
ENTROPY:-
PRESENTER: Asad Eqbal
 INTRODUCTION

Enthalpy (H) is defined as the amount of energy released

or absorbed during a chemical reaction .

Entropy (S) defines the degree of randomness or disorder

in a system.
ENTHALPY
H = U + PV
 Enthalpy is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics.
 It represents the total heat content of a system, including both
its internal energy and the work done by the system against
external pressure.
 Mathematically, enthalpy ((H)) is expressed as: [ H = U + PV ]
where:
 (U) is the internal energy of the system.
 (P) is the pressure.
 (V) is the volume.
 Enthalpy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the
initial and final states of the system.
 The SI unit of enthalpy is the joule ((J)).
 Enthalpy has the dimensional formula ([ML2T{-2}]).
 SI prefixes can be used to express enthalpy in various
magnitudes (e.g., tera, giga, kilo, milli, micro, etc.).

APPLICATIONS:
Enthalpy plays a crucial role in understanding energy
transformations, chemical reactions, and the behavior of
systems.
 ENTROPY:
Entropy change (DELTA S)= Heat absorbed in a reversible
process UPON Temperature in kelvin
 Entropy measures the disorder or randomness in a
system.
 It quantifies the thermal energy per unit temperature
that is unavailable for useful work.
 The SI unit for entropy is joules per Kelvin.
 Entropy change at constant temperature.
 When heat flows into or out of a system, it affects the
system’s entropy.
 Applications:
 Entropy plays a crucial role in various fields:
Thermodynamics: Describes the behavior of energy and heat
flow.
Statistical Physics: Connects microscopic states to
macroscopic properties.
Information Theory: Measures efficiency in signal
transmission.
Cosmology: Relates to the universe’s tendency toward
equilibrium.
Sociology: Represents social decline or decay.
Biological Systems: Relates to life processes.
Weather Science: Influences climate change.
Telecommunication: Quantifies information transmission.
DIFFERENCES
ENTHALPY
 The term was given by
Hieke Kamerlingh
Onnes .
 The natural system
always favors the
minimum enthalpy.
 Its unit is joules per mol.
 Enthalpy is positive for
endothermic reactions.
 Enthalpy is negative for
exothermic reactions.
ENTROPY
 The term was given by
Rudolf Clausius.
 The natural system
favors maximum entropy
 Its symbol is S.
 It unit is joules per
kelvin.
 Entropy is positive for
spontaneous process
 Entropy is negative for
Non spontaneous
process.
 ENTHALPY
 It is the sum of internal
energy and the product of
P&V.
 H = U + P.V
 According to the first law
of thermodynamics, the
energy of the universe is
constant.
ENTROPY
 It is the amount of heat
transferred. reversible in
and out of the system at a
given temperature.
 dS = dqrev / T
 According to the second
law of T.D. the entropy of
the universe is always
increasing.
 In phase transitions, such as melting or vaporization, enthalpy governs
the energy required to overcome intermolecular forces, while entropy
describes the change in randomness associated with the transition. In
chemical reactions, enthalpy change (Δ𝐻ΔH) reflects the heat
absorbed or released during the reaction, while entropy change (Δ𝑆ΔS)
accounts for the change in disorder.
 Overall, enthalpy and entropy are intricately linked and together
provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermodynamic
behavior of systems. They are indispensable tools for predicting the
direction and spontaneity of processes, as well as for interpreting the
physical and chemical transformations that occur in nature.
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