Pure

substances

Compounds Elements

Ionic
Molecules Metalloids Non-metals Metals
compound

Covalent Metallic
Ionic bond
bond bond

CHEMICAL BONDS
 • Metal atoms lose
The ionic model (Topic 2.1) electrons =>
positive ions
– Electron(s) transferred between atoms (cations)
• Non-metal atoms
=> positive cation and negative anion gain electrons =>
negative ions
(anions)

Electrostatic attraction = ionic

bond

Crystalline structure
Naming
Binary ionic
compounds: cation
first, followed by anion
with suffix ”ide”

Sodium chloride
 Effective nuclear charge
• Less than the full nuclear charge
– Na: nuclear charge 11 (number of protons)
– Electron configuration [Ne]3s1, inner (1st and 2nd energy level)
electrons shielding => effective nuclear charge (Zeff ) experienced
by the valence electron = +1
• In the period from left to right: one proton added and one
electron added to the valence shell => Zeff increases
• What about in a group?
• Which non-metal attracts the transferred electrons more
strongly?
• How does the ionic charge affect to the attraction?
 The charge on the ion from an element’s
position in the periodic table
• Group number
– 1: one electron lost => +1
– 2: two electrons lost => +2
– 13: three electrons lost => +3
– 14: covalent
– 15: 3 gained => -3
– 16: 2 gained => -2
– 17: 1 gained => -1
• Transition elements a range of oxidation states
• Oxidation state +/- and Arabic numeral
• Oxidation number Roman numeral in brackets after the name or symbol of the
element
Ionic compounds – lattice structure
• Three-dimensional crystalline structure
• Fixed arrangement of ions
• Lattice’s geometry vary – depends on the sizes
of the ions
• Coordination number
• Their formulas = ratios of ions, empirical
formula – formula unit
 Lattice enthalpy
NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl-(g) ∆HΘlat = +790 kJ mol-1

• Energy needed to separate ions and the enthalpy change

is positive
• Can be calculated from the ionic model
• Charge and size of the ions
– Charge increases => attraction increases between ions
increases => the lattice enthalpy increases
– Radius increases => attraction between ions decreases => the
lattice enthalpy decreases
 Ionic compounds – physical properties
• Melting and boiling points
– High due to the strong electrostatic attraction between ions
– Generally higher when the charge of ions is greater due to the
increased attraction between the ions
• Volatility
– Low/non-volatile
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdedxfhcpWo
• Solubility
– Generally soluble in ionic or polar solvents, not soluble in non-
polar solvents
– The particles are able to form bonds/attractive forces with the
solvent (ions are hydrated)
• Electrical conductivity
– Do not conduct electricity in the solid state
– Conduct when molten or in aqueous solution
• Brittle – crystals shatter when force is applied
 Period 3 chlorides
• NaCl(s)
– Mp 1074 °C, molten high conductivity
• MgCl2(s)
From ionic to
– Mp 987 °C, molten high conductivity
covalent
• AlCl3(s)/Al2Cl6(g)
– Mp 463 °C, molten poor conductivity
• SiCl4(l)
– Mp 203 °C, molten does not conduct
• PCl5(s)
– Mp 435 °C, molten does not conduct
• SCl2(l)
– Mp 195 °C, molten does not conduct
• Cl2(g)
– Mp 170 °C, molten does not conduct
 Different extent of ionic character
• The difference in electronegativity of the
bonded elements

% ionic character ≈

See your book ”Ionic character and

electronegativity”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PsmKZC-Ic2M

Study Structure 2.1 and complete

exercises/questions