INTRODUCTION TO

TRANSISTORS
 WHAT IS A  A transistor is a type of semiconductor device that can be used
to conduct and insulate electric current or voltage.
TRANSISTOR  A transistor basically acts as a switch and an amplifier.
?
 FIRST  1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain devised the first “point
contact” transistor.
TRANSISTOR
  A typical transistor is composed of three layers of
semiconductor materials or, more specifically, terminals which
help to make a connection to an external circuit and carry the
current.
PART OF
 There are 3 terminals for a transistor:
TRANSISTORS
 Base – used to activate the transistor.
 Collector – Positive lead.
 Emitter – Negative lead.
 TYPES OF  There are basically two types of transistors depending on how
it is used on a circuit.
TRANSISTOR  Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

S  Field Effect Transistors (FET)

  A very small current flowing between the base and emitter can
control a larger flow of current between the collector and
emitter terminal.
BJT  There are two types of BJT:
 P-N-P Transistor
 N-P-N Transistor
  It is a type of BJT where one n-type material is introduced or
placed between two p-type materials.
 In such a configuration, the device will control the flow of
P-N-P current. PNP transistor consists of 2 crystal diodes which are
TRANSISTORS connected in series.
 The right side and left side of the diodes are known as the
collector-base diode and emitter-base diode, respectively.
  In this transistor, we will find one p-type material that is
present between two n-type materials.
 N-P-N transistor is basically used to amplify weak signals to
N-P-N strong signals.
TRANSISTORS  In an NPN transistor, the electrons move from the emitter to the
collector region, resulting in the formation of current in the
transistor.
CONSTRUCTIO
N
SATURATION
REGION
  Lower cost and smaller in size.
 Smaller mechanical sensitivity.
 Low operating voltage.

Advantages of  Extremely long life.

Transistors  No power consumption.

 Fast switching.
 Better efficiency circuits can be developed.
 Used to develop a single integrated circuit.
  Transistors lack higher electron mobility.

Limitations of  Transistors can be easily damaged when electrical and thermal

events arise. For example, electrostatic discharge in handling.
Transistors  Transistors are affected by cosmic rays and radiation.
  Connect the negative probe of the multimeter to the base output
(usually it is a black probe), and the positive (red) first to the
collector and then to the emitter. Obtaining a value in the range
of~500 -1500 Ohm confirms correct operation of the transistor.
 Connect the red probe to the base, and the black probe first to the
collector and then to the emitter. For a properly functioning
transistor, the multimeter should indicate that the measured value

Testing is outside the specified range.

 Both the positive and negative probes touch the pins of the
transistor, which are the equivalents of the collector and emitter.
The measured result should be 1, regardless of whether we
applied a positive or negative probe.
 We test the resistance in both directions. Obtaining a result of 1 in
both directions (resistance tends to infinity) indicates a faulty
transistor. A reading of zero or near zero is interpreted identically.
 Sample
Datasheet
  The first microprocessor, Intel 4004 (1971), had 2,300 transistors.
 The first 32-bit microprocessor, Motorola 68000 (1979), had 68,000 transistors.
 The first 64-bit microprocessor, MIPS R4000 (1991), had 1.35 million transistors.
 The first Pentium processor, Intel Pentium (1993), had 3.1 million transistors.
 The first dual-core processor, AMD Athlon 64 X2 (2005), had 233.2 million transistors.
 The first quad-core processor, Intel Core 2 Quad (2006), had 582 million transistors.
 The first six-core processor, Intel Core i7-980X (2010), had 1.17 billion transistors.

Transistors on
The first eight-core processor, AMD FX-8150 (2011), had 1.2 billion transistors.
 The first ten-core processor, Intel Core i7-6950X (2016), had 3.2 billion transistors.

computers  The first twelve-core processor, AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1920X (2017), had 9.6 billion
transistors.
 The first sixteen-core processor, AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X (2017), had 19.2 billion
transistors.
 The first eighteen-core processor, Intel Core i9-7980XE (2017), had 6.5 billion transistors.
 The first twenty-eight-core processor, Intel Xeon W-3175X (2019), had 8.6 billion transistors.
 The first thirty-two-core processor, AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2990WX (2018), had 19.2 billion
transistors.
 The first sixty-four-core processor, AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X (2020), had 39.54 billion
transistors.