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9
RESEARCH
III
QUARTER 3
Week 4

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Toolkit

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Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
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SUBJECT & Grade 9 QUARTER 3 WEEK 4 DATE _

GRADE/LEVEL RESEARCH III DD/MM/YYYY

TOPIC t Test
1. Utilizes appropriate statistical tools in analyzing data.
LEARNING (SSP-RS9-AID-III-q-t-7)
COMPETENCIES 2. Interprets data/ statistical results. (SSP-RS9-AID-III-u-v-8)
3. Test hypothesis (SSP-RS9-AID-III-v-w-9)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper and don not forget to answer all SAQs.

UNDERSTAND
t Test

When the population standard deviation (σ) is unknown, the z test is

not normally used for testing hypothesis involving means. A different test,
called t test, is used.

What is the t test?

A t test compares the means of two groups. It is frequently used in hypothesis
testing to determine if a process or treatment actually has an effect on the population
of interest, or if two groups differ from one another. Also take note that sample
standard deviation must be known.
You want to know whether the mean petal length of iris flowers differs
according to their species. You find two different species of irises growing
in a garden and measure 25 petals of each species. You can test the
difference between these two groups using a t test.
 The null hypothesis (HO) is that the true difference between these
group
means is zero.
The alternate hypothesis (H1) is that the true difference is different from zero.

When to use a t test?

Only when comparing the means of two groups can a t test be used (a.k.a.
pairwise comparison). Use an ANOVA test or a post-hoc test if you want to compare
more than two groups or multiple pairwise comparisons. The t test is a parametric
test of difference, which means it uses the same data assumptions as other
parametric tests. The t test assumes your data:
1. are independent
2. are (approximately) normally distributed.
3. have a similar amount of variance within each group being compared
(a.k.a. homogeneity of variance)
If your data do not fit these assumptions, a nonparametric alternative
to the t-test, such as the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test for data with
unequal variances, can be used instead.

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What type of t test should you use?

When deciding on a t test, you must consider two factors: (1) whether the groups
being compared are from the same population (single population) or from two
different populations, and (2) whether you want to test the difference in a specific
direction.
 One-sample, two-sample, or paired t test?
If the groups come from a single population (e.g. measuring before and
after an experimental treatment), perform a paired t test (t test for
dependent samples).
If the groups come from two different populations (e.g. two different
species, or people from two separate cities), perform a two-sample t-test
(t test for independent samples).
If there is one group being compared against a standard value (e.g.
comparing the acidity of a liquid to a neutral pH of 7), perform a one-
sample t test.

 One-tailed or two-tailed t-test?

If you only care whether the two populations are different from one
another, perform a two-tailed t test.
If you want to know whether one population mean is greater than or less
than the other, perform a one-tailed test.

There are different types of t tests depending on the type of data and
goal of the analysis. In this lesson, we are going to discuss one-sample t
test, paired t test or also known as t test for dependent samples, and t
test for independent samples. Remember that for you to fully grasp all
of the concepts, carefully follow each step in the examples and
complete each
Let’s Practice. These concepts will only become clear after careful study and
patience.

But before we proceed to the calculation proper, let’s first discuss about how to
find the t critical value(s).

How to find the critical value for t test using the t table?

To obtain the critical value, the researcher must choose an alpha level (level of
significance) and determine the degrees of freedom (Note: d.f. n – 1, where n is the
sample size). Use Table F (at the last portion of this CapSLET) to find the critical
value(s) for t test.
A. For one-tailed test (either left-tailed or right-tailed):
Find the appropriate significance level (α) by looking at the top row of
Table F
and find the appropriate column. Find the degrees of freedom by looking
down the left-hand column of the table.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: Right-Tailed Test (One-tailed test)

Find the critical t value for α = 0.05 with d.f. = 16 for a right-tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.05 column in the top row (One-tail, α) and find 16 in the left-hand column.
Where the row and column meet, the appropriate critical value is found; it is +
Prepared
1.746.by:
SeeRIZZA EARL
figure 1.VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III
Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 3

Note that we used

the α on the row
for one-tail since
the test is a right-
tailed test (one-
tailed test).

The critical value for a right-tailed test is positive

(+).
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2: Left-Tailed Test (One-tailed test)
Find the critical t value for α = 0.01 with d.f. = 22 for a left-tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.01 column in the row top labelled One-tail, and find 16 in the left-hand
column. Where the row and column meet, the appropriate critical value is found; it
is
– 2.508 since the test is a one-tailed left test.

Note that we used

the α on the row
for one-tail since
the test is a left-
tailed test (one-
tailed test).

The critical value for a left-tailed test is negative (–).

B. For two-tailed test:
Follow the steps in the sample problem below.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3: Two-Tailed Test
Find the critical t value for α = 0.10 with d.f. = 18 for a two-tailed t test.
SOLUTION
Find the 0.10 column in the row top labelled Two tail, and find 18 in the column
labelled d.f. The critical values are + 1.734 and – 1.734 or ± 1.734.

Note that we used

the α on the row
for two-tail since
the test is a two-
tailed test.

The critical values for a two-tailed

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III testare positive (+) and negative
Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS (–).
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This might be overwhelming for you. But continue to follow the

steps and practice determining the t Critical Value using different type
of tailed-test and level of significance. Moreover, this CapSLET
contains the Table F after the Disclaimer section. You may use the
given table to answer the Let’s Practice questions and further
calculations that involve t Test.

Let’s Practice 1! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Find the critical value (or values) for the t test for each.
Remember that degrees of freedom can be computed using this formula – d.f. = n –
1. Use table F (t Distribution table).
1. n = 10, α = 0.05, right-tailed 5. n = 17, α = 0.02, two-tailed
2. n = 6, α = 0.01, left-tailed 6. n = 23, α = 0.005, left-tailed
3. n = 15, α = 0.05, two-tailed 7. n = 9, α = 0.025, right-tailed
4. n = 28, α = 0.01, two-tailed 8. n = 18, α = 0.10, two-tailed
You are now done with determining the critical t value. Whenever
you need to find the critical t value, go back to this lesson. All t test
uses the same procedure for finding the critical value. At this point let’s
proceed to using the critical value for calculations involving t Test for a
mean or also known as one-sample t test.

What is one-sample t Test?

 The one-sample t test is a statistical test for the mean of a population and is
used when the population is normally or approximately normally distributed,
and σ is unknown. It is a test where you compare one group against a
(population).
standard
Where:
 Formula:
𝑿̅ = sample mean
𝒕= 𝑿̅ − 𝝁 𝝁 = population mean
𝒔 = sample standard deviation
𝒔/√𝒏
𝒏 = sample size
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1.
 Null and Alternative Hypotheses for one-sample t test:
Null Hypothesis (H0) – H0 assumes that the difference between the true
mean (μ) and the comparison value (m0) is equal to zero.

H0: 𝝁 = k, where k is the value of the population (or standard value)

Alternative Hypothesis (H1) –(H 1 assumes that the difference between

the true mean (μ) and the comparison value (m0) is not equal to zero.

H1: 𝝁 ≠ k (Two-tailed test); H1: 𝝁 < k (Left-tailed test) ; H1: 𝝁 > k (Right-tailed test)

 Assumptions for the one-sample t test (or t test for a mean) when σ ios
unknown:
1. The sample is a random sample.
If you 2. Either
notice, thenformula
≥ 30 orfor
thet population is normally
test is similar distributed
to the formula for theif zn < 30.
test. But since the population standard deviation σ is unknown, the
sample standard deviation s is used instead.
Note: The critical values for the t test are given in Table F.
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 5

How calculate one-sample t Test (Traditional Method)?

When you test hypotheses by using the t test (traditional method), follow the
same procedure as for the z test, except use Table F (to find the critical t value(s)).
Remember that t test should be used when the population is
approximately normally distributed and the population standard
deviation is unknown.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4: Hospital Infections

A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a mean
number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence
to reject the investigator’s claim at α = 0.05? Assume the variable is normally distributed.
Note: one-sample t test is appropriate for this sample since the investigator wanted to
test the sample mean (17.7 infections) against a standard, which in this case is the
population mean of 16.3 infections. Furthermore, the study identified the sample standard
deviation (s) which means that the population standard deviation (σ) is unknown.

SOLUTION:
Sample size Sample standard deviation

Given: 𝝁 = 16.3 n = 10 𝑿̅ = 17.7 𝒔 = 1.8 α = 0.05

Population mean Sample mean Level of significance

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the

claim.
H0: μ = 16.3 (claim) and H1: μ ≠ 16.3
It is a
two-tailed
test since
the H1 is
Step 2: Find the critical value. (Use Table F, t
Distribution table)
 α = 0.05, Two-tailed test
nondirectional (≠). Recall your lesson
on
hypothesis.
 d.f. = n – 1 = 10 – 1 d.f. = 9
 t critical values are + 2.262 and – 2.262 or
± 2.262 tcrit = ± 2.262
Step 3: Compute the test value.

Critical values
𝑿̅ − 𝝁 𝟏𝟕.𝟕−𝟏𝟔.𝟑
𝒕= 𝒕=
𝟏.𝟒
𝒕=
𝒔/√𝒏 𝟏.𝟖/√𝟏𝟎 𝟏.𝟖/𝟑.𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟔
𝟏.𝟒
𝒕= 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟏 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔
Test value
𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟖
Step 4: Make the decision.
Reject the null hypothesis
since 2.46 > 2.262. See Figure
4.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

0.9500
Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 6

There is enough evidence to reject the claim that the average number of
infections is 16.3. This means that the number of infections in that particular
hospital is not equal to 16.3.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using z Test”. In Elementary Statistics:
A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 468–77. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013

Let’s try another sample problem.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5: Substitute Teachers’ Salaries
An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school districts in
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, is less than $60 per day. A random sample of eight school
districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are shown. Is there enough evidence
to support the educator’s claim t α = 0.10? Assume the variable is normally distributed.
60 56 60 55 70 55 60 55

Raw data

SOLUTION:
Given: 𝝁 = $60 n=8 𝑿̅ = 𝒔= α = 0.10

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim. It is a one-tailed test since the H1

H0: μ = $60 and H1: μ < $60 (claim) is directional (<).

Specifically, it’s
Step 2: Find the critical value. (Use Table F, t Distribution taabllee)ft-tailed test. Recall your
 α = 0.10, Left-tailed test (one-tailed test) lesson on hypothesis.
 d.f. = n – 1 = 8 – 1 d.f. = 7
 t critical value is – 1.415 or tcrit = – 1.415 Critical value

Step 3: Compute the test value.

To compute the test value, the sample mean (𝑿̅ ) and sample standard deviation (𝒔)
must be found. Using either the formulas in Week 1 CapSLET or your calculator
compute for 𝑿̅ and 𝒔.

∑𝑿 𝟔𝟎+𝟓𝟔+𝟔𝟎+𝟓𝟓+𝟕𝟎+𝟓𝟓+𝟔𝟎+𝟓𝟓 𝟒𝟕𝟏
*solve for 𝑿̅ : 𝑿̅ = = = = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟗
𝒏 𝟖 𝟖

𝒏 (∑ 𝑿𝟐)−(∑ 𝑿)𝟐 (𝟖) (𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟏)−(𝟒𝟕𝟏)𝟐

*solve for 𝒔: 𝒔 = √ = √ = 𝟓. 𝟏
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏) (𝟖) (𝟖−𝟏)

*solve for t value:

𝑿̅ − 𝝁 𝟓𝟖.𝟗 − 𝟔𝟎 −𝟏.𝟏
𝒕= 𝒕= 𝒕=
𝒔/√𝒏 𝟓.𝟏/√𝟖
𝟓.𝟏/𝟐.𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓 Test value
−𝟏.𝟏
𝒕= 𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟏
𝟏.𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟐

Step 4: Make the decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the test value, – 0.61 falls in the
noncritical region.
This test is summarized in the figure
below.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS

– 1.415 – 0.61
 7

There is not enough evidence to support the educator’s claim that the average
salary of substitute teachers in Allegheny County is less than $60 per day. This
means that the average salary of substitute teachers is equal to or more than $60 per
day.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using z Test”. In Elementary Statistics:
A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 468–77. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013

SAQ-1: When should you use one-sample t Test?

Let’s try the Let’s Practice section to practice what you have learned
from the lesson. You can do it!

Let’s Practice 2! (Write your answer on your answer

sheet.)

Direction: Read each problem carefully. Perform each of the steps in

hypothesis testing (one-sample t Test). Use the traditional method of hypothesis
testing, show your solution and box your final answer.

1. Veterinary Expenses of Cat Owners. According to the American Pet

Products Manufacturers Association, cat owners spend an average of
$179 annually in routine veterinary visits. A random sample of local
cat owners revealed that 10 randomly selected owners spent an
average cost of $205 with s = $26. Is there a significant statistical
difference at α = 0.01?
Source: www.hsus.org/pets.

2. Height of Tall Buildings. A researcher estimates that the average height of

the buildings of 30 or more stores in a large city is at least 700 feet. A
random sample of tall buildings is selected, and the heights in feet
are shown. At α = 0.025, is there enough evidence to reject the
claim?
485 511 841 725
615
520 535 635 616
582
Source: Pittsburgh Tribune – Review.

3. Television Viewing by Team. Teens are reported to watch the fewest total
hours of television per week of all demographic groups, the average
television viewing for teens on Sunday from 1:00 to 7:00 pm is 1 hour
13 minutes. A random sample of local teens disclosed the
following times for Sunday afternoon television viewing. At α = 0.01 can it be
concluded that the average is greater than the national viewing time?
(Note: Change all times to minutes)
2:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:15
2:30 1:30 1:50 3:20 2:10
Source: World Almanac.

You are now done learning how to do calculations involving one-

sample t Test using the Traditional Method. Let’s proceed to the next
lesson.

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Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 8

In our last lesson, we have discussed about z test and how it was
used to test the difference between two means when the population
standard deviations were known and the variables were normally or
approximately normally distributed, or when both sample sizes were
greater than or equal to 30. However, in many situations, these
conditions cannot be met – that is, the population standard deviation
are
not known. In these cases, a t test is used to test the difference between means
when
the two samples are independent and when the samples are taken from two
normally or approximately normally distributed populations.

Samples are INDEPENDENT SAMPLES when they are not related.

Also it will be assumed that the variances are not equal.
What is t Test for Independent Samples?
 The independent t-test, also called the two sample t-test, independent-samples
t-test or student's t-test, is an inferential statistical test that determines whether
there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated
groups.
 Formula:
(𝑿̅ 𝟏 −𝑿̅ 𝟐 )− (𝝁𝟏−𝝁𝟐) Where:
𝒕= 𝑿̅ = sample mean
𝒔𝟐 𝝁 = population mean
√ 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐 𝒔 = sample standard deviation
+
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
𝒏 = sample size
*Notes:
 Variances are assumed to be unequal.
 Where the degrees of freedom are equal to the smaller of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1.
 Hypotheses for t test for Independent Samples:
Null Hypothesis (H0) – H0 assumes that there is no difference between
population mean 1 (μ1) and population mean 2 (μ2).

H0: μ1 = μ2
Alternative Hypothesis (H1) – H1 assumes that there is a difference
between population mean 1 (μ1) and population mean 2 (μ2).

H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 (Two-tailed); or H1: μ1 < μ2 (Left-tailed); or H1: μ1 > μ2 (Right-tailed)

 Assumptions for the t test for Two Independent Means (or t test for
1. The samples are random samples.
Independent samples) when σ1 and σ2 are unknown:
2. The sample data are independent of one another.
3. When the sample sizes are less than 30, the populations must be
normally or approximately normally distributed.

How to calculate t Test for Independent Samples (Traditional Method)?

When you test hypotheses by using the t test (traditional method), follow the
same procedure as for the z test, except use Table F (to find the critical t value(s)).

Remember that t test should be used when the population is

approximately normally distributed and the population standard
deviation is unknown.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 9

Let’s try to solve some problems involving t Test for Independent Samples.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6: Farm Sizes
The average size of a farm in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, is 191 acres. The average
size of a farm in Greene County, Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the data were
obtained from two samples with standard deviations of 38 and 12 acres, respectively, and
a sample sizes of 8 and 10, respectively. Can it be concluded at α = 0.05 that the average
size of thee farms in the two counties is different? Assume the populations are normally
distributed.
Note: t test for independent samples is appropriate for this sample problem since the
investigator wanted to compare two sample means (Farm sizes for Indiana, County and
Greene, County). Furthermore, the study identified the sample standard deviation (s) which
means that the population standard deviations (σ) is unknown.
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝑿̅ 𝟏 = 191 acres (Indiana County) 𝒏𝟏 = 8 𝒔𝟏 = 38 α = 0.05
𝑿̅ 𝟐 = 199 acres (Greene County) 𝒏𝟐 = 10 𝒔𝟐 = 12

Take note, that population mean need not to be known, hence, (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐) = 𝟎.
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ ≠ μ2 (claim)
In words:
H0: There is no significant difference between the average size of farms in Indiana
County and Greene County, Pennsylvania.
H1: There is a significant difference between the average size of farms in Indiana
County and Greene County, Pennsylvania. (Claim)
Step 2: Find the critical value. (Use Table F, t Distribution table)
 α = 0.05, Two-tailed test
 for the d.f., we have to calculate d.f.1 and d.f.2 :
d.f.1 = n1 – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7 As stated earlier, since the variances are
unequal,
d.f.2 = n2 – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9 the df with the smaller value is used to
find the t
critical value(s). In this case, we will be using 7
 t critical values are + 2.365 and – 2.365 or ± 2.365 tcrit = ± 2.365
Step 3: Compute the test value.
( 𝑿̅ 𝟏 −𝑿̅ 𝟐 ) − ( 𝝁 𝟏 −𝝁 𝟐 ) ( 𝑿̅ 𝟏 −𝑿̅ 𝟐 )
𝒕= or we can write it as 𝒕 =
𝟏+ 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
(𝟏𝟗𝟏−𝟏𝟗𝟗) −𝟖
𝒕= 𝒕Since
= (𝝁 − 𝝁𝟐) = 𝟎
𝟏

√𝟑𝟖
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟑.𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟏
𝟖
+ 𝟏𝟎

𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟕

Step 4: Make the decision.
Do not reject the null hypothesis, since – 0.57 > – 2.365. See
Figure below.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
– 2.365 –0.57 + 2.365
 10

Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the average size of
the farm is different. Based on this result, statistically, the farm sizes in Indiana
County and Greene County is the same (or approximately the same) and the
difference was due to chance.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples:
Using t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 480–85. New York,
NY: McGraw- Hill, 2013

Let’s try another problem.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 7: Cyber School Enrollment
The data show the number of students attending cyber charter schools in Allegheny
County and the number of students attending cyber schools in counties surrounding
Allegheny County. At α = 0.01, is there enough evidence to support the claim that the
average
number of students in school districts in Allegheny County who attend cyber
schools is greater than those who attend cyber schools in school districts outside
Allegheny County?
Allegheny County Outside Allegheny County
25 75 38 41 27 32 57 25 38 14 10
29
Note: t test for independent samples is appropriate for this sample problem since the
investigator wanted to compare two sample means (number of students attending cyber
school in Allegheny County and number of students attending cyber school outside
Allegheny County). Furthermore, σ is unknown. If you look closely, this sample problem
did not give
𝑿̅𝟏 & 𝑿̅ 𝟐 and 𝒔𝟏& 𝒔𝟐. Can we still use t test for independent samples? The answer is
YES. We simply need to compute for 𝑿̅ 𝟏 & 𝑿̅ 𝟐 and 𝒔𝟏& 𝒔𝟐 using the given raw data above.
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝑿̅ 𝟏 = to be calculated (Allegheny County) 𝒏𝟏 = 6 𝒔𝟏 = α=
0.01
𝑿̅ 𝟐 = to be calculated (Outside Allegheny County) 𝒏𝟐 = 6 𝒔𝟐 =
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ > μ2 (claim)
In words:
H0: There is no significant difference between the number of students who attend cyber school
in school districts in Allegheny County and the number of students who attend cyber
school in school districts outside Allegheny County.
H1: There is a significant difference between the number of students who attend
cyber school in school districts in Allegheny County and the number of students who
attend cyber school in school districts outside Allegheny County. (Claim)
Step 2: Find the critical value. (Use Table F, t Distribution table)
 α = 0.01, Right-tailed test
 for the d.f., we have to calculate d.f.1 and d.f.2 :
d.f. = n1 – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5 Since n1 and n2 has the same value, there’s
no need
to compute for both values. In this case, df=5.
 t critical values are + 3.365 or you can write it as tcrit = + 3.365
Step 3: Compute the test value.
Since 𝑿̅ 𝟏 & 𝑿̅ 𝟐 and 𝒔𝟏& 𝒔𝟐 are not directly given, we need to calculate these first
using the given raw data above.
*Solve for 𝑿̅ 𝟏 & 𝑿̅ 𝟐 . Remember 𝑿̅ 𝟏 =Allegheny County & 𝑿̅ 𝟐 =Outside Allegheny
County
∑𝑿
Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III
𝒏 (∑ 𝑿𝟐)−(∑ 𝑿) 𝟐
Don Pablo
*solve forLorenzo
𝑿̅ 𝟏 : 𝑿Memorial
̅𝟏 = High
𝟏 School
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 - JHS
*solve fo 𝒔𝟏: 𝒔𝟏 = √ = 𝟏𝟖.
𝟑𝟕
𝒏𝟏
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)
 11

Since (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐) = 𝟎

*solve for t value:
𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟒
𝒕= ( 𝑿̅ 𝟏 −𝑿̅ 𝟐 𝒕= (𝟑𝟗.𝟔𝟕−𝟐𝟖.𝟖𝟑) 𝒕=
𝟐 +(𝟏𝟕.𝟏𝟑)𝟐
𝟏𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟐
) 𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟐 √(𝟏𝟖.𝟑𝟕)
√ 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔

Step 4: Make the decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis, since 1.06 < 3.365 (or the t test value, 1.06,
falls on the noncritical region). See Figure below.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

1.06 + 2.365
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the average number
of students attending cyber schools in Allegheny County is greater than the
average number of students attending cyber schools in surrounding counties (or
outside Allegheny County). Based on this result, the average number of students
attending cyber school in Allegeheny County and outside it are statistiscally is
the same (or approximately the same) and the difference was due to chance.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples:
Using t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 480–85. New York,
NY: McGraw- Hill, 2013

SAQ-2: When should you use t test for independent samples as your
statistical test?

Let’s try the Let’s Practice section to practice what you have learned from the
lesson. You can do it!

Let’s Practice 3! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read each problem carefully. Perform each of the steps in hypothesis
testing (t Test for Independent Samples). Use the traditional method of hypothesis
testing, show your solution and box your final answer.
1. Best Seller Books. The mean number of weeks 15 New York Times hard-
cover fiction books spent on the bestseller list is 22 weeks. The standard
deviation is
6.17 weeks. The mean number of weeks 15 New York Times hard-cover
nonfiction books spent on the list is 28 weeks. The standard deviation is 13.2
weeks. At α = 0.10, can we conclude that there is a difference in the mean times for the
number of weeks the books were on the bestseller lists?
2. Noise Levels in Hospitals. The mean noise level of 20 areas designated as
“casualty doors” was 6.31 dBA, and the standard deviation is 4.1 dBA. The
mean noise level for 24 areas designated as operating theaters was 56.3 dBA,
and the standard deviation was 7.5 dBA. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that
there is a difference in the means?
Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III
Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 12

3. Weights of Running Shoes. The weights in ounces of a sample of running

shoes for men and women are shown. Test the claim that the means are
different. Use α = 0.01.
Men Women
10.4 11.1 10.8 11.7 12.8 10.6 9.6 10.1 9.4 9.8 10.2
12.6 14.7 12.9 13.3 14.5 9.5 11.2 10.3 10.3 8.8 9.5
9.3 9.5 11.0

You are now done learning how to do calculations involving t Test

for Independent Samples using the Traditional Method. You are now
ready to proceed to the next lesson.

In your previous lesson you have learned to use t test for

independent samples where the samples were independent. The
next lesson, a different version of t test is explained. This version is
used when the samples are dependent.

When are samples considered as dependent samples?

Samples are considered to be as dependent samples when the subjects are
paired or matched in some way.
Examples:
o Suppose a medical researcher wants to see whether a drug will affect the
reaction time of its users. To this hypothesis, the researcher must pretest the
subjects in the sample first. That is, they are given a test to ascertain their normal
reaction times. Then after taking the drug, the subjects are tested again, using a
posttest. Finally, the means of the two tests are compared to see whether there is
a difference. Since the same subjects are used in both cases, the samples
are related; subjects scoring high on the pretest will generally score high on
the posttest, even after consuming the drug. Likewise, those scoring lower on
the pretest will tend to score lower on the posttest. To take this effect into
account, the researcher employs a t test, using the differences between
the pretest values and the posttest values. Thus only the gain or loss in
values is compared.
o A researcher may want to design a College Entrance Test (CET) preparation
course to help students raise their test scores the second time they take the CET.
Hence, the differences between the two exams are compared.
o Besides samples in which the same subjects are used in a pre-post situation,
there are other cases where the samples are considered dependent. Students
might be matched or paired according to some variable that is pertinent
to the study; then one student is assigned to one group, and the other student is
assigned to a second group. For instance, in a study involving learning,
students can be selected and paired according to their IQs. That is, 2 students
with the same IQ will be paired.
Two notes of caution!
1. When subjects are matched according to 1 variable, the matching process does not
eliminate the
influence of other variables. For example, matching according to IQ does not account
for their mathematical ability. Since not all variables influencing a study can be
controlled, it is up to the researcher to determine which variables should be used in
matching.
2. When the same subjects are used for a pre-post study, sometimes the knowledge that
they are participating in a study can influence the results. For example, if people
are placed in a special program, they may be more highly motivated to succeed
Prepared
simplyby:because
RIZZA EARL
theyVEVERLY T. ANGELES,
have been selected SST-III
to participate; the program itself may have a
Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial
little effect on their success. High School - JHS
 13

What is t Test for Dependent Samples?

 The t test for dependent samples, also called the paired t test, paired sample t
test or dependent sample t test, is an inferential statistical test that is used
when samples are dependent, this test employs the difference in values
of the matched pairs. It compares the means between two related groups on
the same dependent variable.
continuous, Where:
 Formula: 𝑫̅ = mean of the differences of the matched pairs
𝝁𝑫 = expected value is zero (0)
𝒕= 𝑫̅ − 𝝁 𝒔𝑫= standard deviation of the differences of the
𝑫
𝒔𝑫 /√𝒏 matched pairs
𝒏 = number of matched pairs
*Note:
 Degrees of freedom: d.f. = n – 1
*Additional formulae used in t test for dependent samples:
Differences of the values of the pair of data (D), 𝑫 = 𝑿𝟏 − 𝑿𝟐
∑𝑫
Mean of the differences of matched pairs (D̅ ), 𝑫̅ = 𝒏

Standard deviation of the differences (𝑠𝐷 ), 𝒔 𝑫 = √ 𝒏 ∑ 𝑫𝟐−(∑ 𝑫)𝟐

𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)
𝒔𝑫
Estimated standard error (𝑠𝐷̅ ), 𝒔 𝑫̅ =
√𝒏
 Hypotheses for t test for Dependent Samples:
Null Hypothesis (H0) – H0 assumes that the difference between the
matched pairs is equal to zero (0), 𝝁𝑫 = 𝟎.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1) – H1 assumes that the difference between
the matched pairs is not equal to zero (0), 𝝁𝑫 ≠ 𝟎.
Two-tailed Left-tailed Right-tailed
H0: μD = 0 H0: μD = 0 H0: μD = 0
H 1: μD ≠ 0 H1: μD < 0 H1: μD > 0

 Assumptions for the t test for Two Means (or t test for dependent
samples) when the samples are dependent:
1. The samples are random samples.
2. The sample data are dependent.
3. When the sample sizes are less than 30, the populations must be
normally or approximately normally distributed.

How to calculate t Test for Dependent Samples (Traditional Method)?

The steps in hypothesis testing (traditional method) is used in solving hypothesis
testing problems involving t test for dependent samples (traditional method).
Let’s try to solve some problems involving t Test for Dependent Samples.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8: Bank Deposits
A sample of nine local banks shows their deposit (in billions of dollars) 3 years ago and
their deposits (in billions of dollars) today. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that the average
in deposits for the banks is greater today than it was 3 years ago? Assume the variables are
normally distributed.
Bank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 years ago 11.42 8.41 3.98 7.37 2.28 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.35
Today 16.69 9.44 6.53 5.58 2.92 1.88 1.78 1.50 1.22

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 14

Note: t test for dependent samples is appropriate for this sample problem since we will
compare two sample means (bank’s deposit 3 years ago and bank’s deposit today) from
the matched pairs data which makes the data related to one another (dependent samples).
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝒏 = 9 α = 0.05
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Since we are interested to see if there has been an increase in deposits, the deposits 3
years ago must be less than the deposit today; hence, the deposits must be significantly
less 3 years ago than they are today. Hence, the mean of the differences must be less than
0.
H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD < 0 (claim)

In words:
H0: The differences between the deposits in the bank 3 years ago and the deposits
in the bank today is equal to zero.
H1: The differences between the deposits in the bank 3 years ago and the deposits
in the bank today is less than zero. (Claim)
Step 2: Find the critical value. (Use Table F, t Distribution table)
 α = 0.05, Left-tailed test d.f. = n – 1 = 9 – tcrit = – 1.860
1=8
Step 3: Compute the test value.
Complete
a) Find D andthe
ΣD.table by finding the following:
*Solving D: D = X1 – X2 D1 = 11.42 – 16.69 = – 5.27
*Solving ΣD:
ΣD = ( – 5.27) + (–1.03) + ( – 2.55) + (+ 1.79) + ( – 0.64) + ( – 0.78) +
( – 0.78) + ( – 0.60) + (+ 0.13) = – 9.73 (Add them algebraically).

3 years ago (X1) Today (X2) D = X1 – X2 D2 = (X1 – X2)2

11.42 16.69 – 5.27 27.7729
8.31 9.44 – 1.03 1.0609
3.98 6.53 – 2.55 6.5025
7.37 5.58 + 1.79 3.2041
2.28 2.92 – 0.64 0.4096
1.10 1.88 – 0.78 0.6084
1.00 1.78 – 0.78 0.6084
1.90 1.50 – 0.60 0.3600
1.35 1.22 + 0.13 0.0169
ΣD = – 9.73 ΣD = 40.5437
2

b) Find D2 and ΣD2.

*Solving D2: D2 = (– 5.27)2 = 27.7729; D2 = (– 1.03)2 = 1.0609
1 2

*Solving ΣD2: ΣD2= 27.7729 + 1.0609 + 6.5025 + 3.2041 + 0.4096 + 0.6084 + 0.6084
+ 0.3600 + 0.0169 = 40.5437

c) Find the mean of the differences D̅ .

∑𝑫 – 𝟗. = – 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟏
𝑫̅ = 𝒏 =
𝟕𝟑

𝟗
𝒔𝑫 =s√D.𝒏 ∑ 𝑫𝟐−(∑ 𝑫)𝟐
d) Find = √ (𝟗)(𝟒𝟎.𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟕)−(−𝟗.𝟕𝟑)𝟐 = √𝟐𝟕𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟕
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏) (𝟗)(𝟗−𝟏) 𝟕𝟐

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 15

e) Find test value, t.

Since 𝝁𝑫 = 𝟎
𝒕= 𝑫
or we can write it as 𝒕= 𝑫̅
𝑫𝑫̅ /−√𝒏
𝒔 𝒔𝑫/√𝒏
−𝟏.𝟎𝟖𝟏
𝒕= 𝝁−𝟏.𝟎𝟖𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟑 𝒕 = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝟏.𝟗𝟑𝟕/√𝟗 𝟎.𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕
Step 4: Make the decision.
Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the test value, – 1.67, is greater than
the critical value, –1.860. See Figure below.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

– 1.860
–1.67
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to show that the deposits have increased over
the last 3 years. Based on this result, there is no significant increase in deposits in
the particular banks over the last 3 years.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Dependent Samples: Using
t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 488–97. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013

Let’s try to solve another problem.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9: Cholesterol Levels
A dietician wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will change if the diet is
supplemented by a certain mineral. Six subjects were pretested, and then they took the
mineral supplement for a 6-week period. The results are shown in the table. (Cholesterol
level is measured in milligrams per deciliter.) Can it be concluded that the cholesterol level
has been changed at α = 0.10? Assume the variables are normally distributed.

Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6
Before (X1) 210 235 208 190 172 244
After (X2) 190 170 210 188 173 228
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝒏 = 6 α = 0.10
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
If the diet is effective, the before cholesterol levels should be different from the after
levels.
H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD ≠ 0 (claim)
In words:
H0: The differences between the cholesterol level before and cholesterol level after
taking the mineral supplement is equal to zero.
H1: The differences between the cholesterol level before and cholesterol level after
taking the mineral supplement is not equal to zero. (Claim)
Step 2: Find the critical
α = 0.10, value.test
Two-tailed (Use Table F, t Distribution
d.f. = n – 1table)
=6 tcrit = ± 2.015
–1=7
Step 3:You
Compute thedirectly
can also test value.
use your calculator instead of completing the table.
a) Find ΣD.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 16

∑ 𝑫 = (𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗𝟎) + (𝟐𝟑𝟓 − 𝟏𝟕𝟎) + (𝟐𝟎𝟖 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎) + (𝟏𝟗𝟎 − 𝟏𝟖𝟖) + (𝟏𝟕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝟑) +
(𝟐𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝟐𝟖) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

b) Find ΣD2.
∑ 𝑫𝟐 = (𝟐𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟑𝟓 − 𝟏𝟕𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟎𝟖 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟗𝟎 − 𝟏𝟖𝟖)𝟐 +
(𝟏𝟕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟐𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝟐𝟖)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟎

c) Find the mean of the differences D̅ .

∑𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑫̅ = = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝒏 𝟔
d) Find sD.
𝒏 ∑ 𝑫𝟐−(∑ 𝑫)𝟐 (𝟔)(𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟎)−(𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟎
𝒔 =√ = = √ = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝑫 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)
√ (𝟔)(𝟔−𝟏) 𝟑𝟎

e) Find test value, t.

𝑫̅ − 𝝁 𝑫̅
Since 𝝁𝑫
=𝟎
𝒕= 𝑫
or we can write it as 𝒕=
𝒔𝑫/√𝒏 𝒔𝑫/√𝒏
𝟏𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝒕= = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖 𝒕
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏
𝟐𝟓.𝟑𝟗𝟎/√𝟔 𝟏𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟗

Step 4: Make the decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the test value 1.61 is in the
noncritical region. See Figure below.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

–2.015 +2.015
–1.67
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the mineral
supplement changes a person’s cholesterol level. Based on this result, the mineral
supplement does not change a person’s cholesterol level.
Source: Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Dependent Samples: Using
t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 488–97. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013

SAQ-3: When should you use t Test for Dependent Samples?

Let’s try the Let’s Practice section to practice what you have learned
from the lesson. You can do it!

Let’s Practice 4! (Write your answer on

your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read each problem carefully. Perform each of the steps in

hypothesis testing (t Test for Dependent Samples). Use the traditional method of
hypothesis testing, show your solution and box your final answer.
Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III
Don PabloStudy
1. Improving LorenzoHabits.
Memorial
AsHigh
an School
aid for- JHS
improving students’ study habits, nine
students were randomly selected to attend a seminar on the importance of
education in life. The table shows the number of hours each student studied
 17

week before and after the seminar. At α = 0.10, did attending the seminar increase
the number of hours the students studied per week?
Before 9 12 6 15 3 18 10 13 7
After 9 17 9 20 2 21 15 22 6

2. Reducing Errors in Grammar. A composition teacher wishes to see whether

a new grammar program will reduce the number of grammatical
errors her students make when writing a two-page essay. The data are
shown here. At α = 0.025, can it be concluded that the number of errors
has been reduced?
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Errors Before 12 9 0 5 4 3
Errors After 9 6 1 3 2 3

3. Sleep Report. Students in a statistics class were asked to report the number of
hours they slept on weeknights and on weekends. At α = 0.05, is there
sufficient evidence that there is a difference in the mean number of hours
Student
slept? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours, Sun. – Thurs. 8 5.5 7.5 8 7 6 6 8
Hours, Fri. – Sat. 4 7 10.5 12 11 9 6 9

Good job! You are now done with this lesson! But before you evaluate
how much you have learned today, let’s go back to a few key points.

REMEMBER
Key Points

 t Test is used when n ≥ 30 and that the population variance (or population
standard deviation) is unknown. In case the n < 30, you may still use t test
provided that the data are normally or approximately normally distributed.
 There different kinds of t Tests depending on the data to be anlayzed. Three of the
common types are:
 One sample t test is used when we want to compare a sample mean with the
𝑿̅ − 𝝁
population mean. Formula: 𝒕 =
𝒔/√𝒏
 t test for independent samples is used to determine whether there is a
statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups.
( 𝑿̅ 𝟏 −𝑿̅ 𝟐 ) − ( 𝝁 𝟏 −𝝁 𝟐 )
Formula: 𝒕 =
𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

 t test for dependent samples is used when samples are

dependent, this test
employs the difference in values of the matched pairs.
𝑫̅ − 𝝁 𝑫
Formula: 𝒕 =
𝒔 𝑫/ √ 𝒏

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!
Read each
Prepared question
by: RIZZA carefully.
EARL VEVERLY Choose
T. ANGELES, the best answer and write the CAPITAL
SST-III
LETTER of the
Don choice
Pablo corresponding
Lorenzo to your
Memorial High School answer on your answer sheet.
- JHS
 18

1. Which of the following is the tcrit for two-tailed test when α = 0.05 and n = 10?
A. ± 2.262 B. ± 2.228 C. ± 1.833 D. ± 1.812

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of conducting hypothesis testing –

the traditional methods?
I. Compute the test value. IV. Make the decision.
II. State the hypothese and claim. V. Find the critical value(s).
III. Summarize the results.
A. II, V, I, IV & III B. II, I, V, III & IV C. II, V, I, II & IV D. I, II, III, IV
&V
3. In a one sample t test, what will you do to the null hypothesis when test value
–0.785 > –1.415?
A. Reject Ho B. Do not reject Ho C. Accept H D. Invalid
1

results
A survey of 15 large U.S. cities finds that the average commute time one way is
25.4
For minutes.
item A chamber
4, please refer toofthecommerce
situationexecutive feels that the commute in his city
given below.
is less and wants to publicize this. He randomly selects 25 commuters and finds
the average is 22.1 minutes with a standard deviation of 5.3 minutes. At α = 0.10,
is he correct? Source: New York Times Almanac
4. What is the appropriate statistical test for the given situation?
A. z test for a mean C. one sample t test
B. t test for independent samples D. t test for dependent samples
5. When should you use t test for independent samples as your statistical test?
A. When you want to compare two groups of means.
B. When the population standard deviation is unknown.
C. When the samples are not related to not another (independent samples).
D. All of the given choices.
6. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis for a t test for independent
samples?
A. H1: μD ≠ 0 B. H1: μ ≠ k C. H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 D. H1: μ1 = μ2
7. Which of the following is classified as independent samples?
A. Heights of identical twins.
B. Effectiveness of 2 different brands of aspirin on 2 different groups of people.
C. Test scores of the same students in English and Psychology.
D. Effects of a drug on reaction time, measureed by a before-and-after test.
8. Which of the following assumptions for t test for dependent samples is NOT
TRUE?
A. The samples are random samples.
B. The sample size is equal to or greater than 30.
C.If sample size < 30, the populations must be approximately normally distributed.
D.The samples are independent samples.
ForAitems
study9 on– 10, please
blood refer to
pressure the situation
levels below: The researcher claims that
was conducted.
exercise decreases cholesterol levels in patients. The patients’ blood pressure was
measured before and after the introduction of exercise. The data were analyzed.
The following were the results of the data analysis:
tcrit = – 1.725 t (test value) = – 0.269
9. Given the following results, what would be the decision for this statistical analysis?
A. Reject Ho. C. There is not enough evidence to support claim.
B. Do not reject Ho. D. There is enough evidence to reject the claim.
10. What does the result of the analysis mean?
A. Exercise decreases the blood pressure of patients.
B. Exercise do not change the blood pressure of patients.
C. Exercise do not decrease the blood pressure of patients.
D. Exercise increase the blood pressure of patients.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 19

Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using t

Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief
Version, 6th ed., 468–77. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013
Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of
Independent Samples: Using t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step
by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 480–85. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013.
Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means of
Dependent Samples: Using t Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step
by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 488–97. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013

Bevans, Rebecca. “An Introduction to t-Tests: Definitions, Formula

REFERENCE/S and Examples.” Scribbr, December 14, 2020. https://
www.scribbr.com/statistics/t-test/.

“Independent t-Test for Two Samples.” Independent T-Test - An

introduction to when to use this test and what are the variables
required | Laerd Statistics. Lund Research Ltd. Accessed April
20, 2021. https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-
guides/independent-t-test-statistical-guide.php.

Figures:
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/161721/why-does-the-p-
value-double-when-using-two-tailed-test-compared-to-one-
tailed-on
https://towardsdatascience.com/one-tailed-or-two-tailed-test-that-is-
the-question-1283387f631c

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Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS