MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

24 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING, ASSUMPTIONS, DERIVATION

OF BENDING EQUATION,

BY
Dr. D.GOVARDHAN
PROFESSOR & HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Don’t write or
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING place any image in
(Autonomous) this area

DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043

1
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Course Title MECHANICS OF SOLODS

Course Code AAEB04

Class B.TECH III SEM

Section A&B
Name of the Faculty Dr. D.GOVARDHAN
Lecture hour - Date 07-09-2020
Course Outcome/s Explain the bending stresses and their distribution along the
sections in simple and composite beams for evaluating its
bending strength
Topic Covered Bending Stresses In simple beams
Topic Learning Outcome Discuss the bending stresses at various loading conditions
in simple beams.

2
 BENDING STRESSES IN SIMPLE BEAMS
The bending moments and shearing
forces are set up at all sections of a
beam, when it is loaded with some
external loads.
The bending moment at a section
tends to bend or deflect the beam and
the internal stresses resist its bending,
till the process of bending stops.
The resistance, offered by the internal
Don’t write or
stresses, to the bending, is called
place any image in
bending stress, and the relevant this area
theory is called the theory of simple
bending.
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 BENDING STRESSES IN SIMPLE BEAMS
The following assumptions are made in the theory of simple bending:
1. The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous i.e., of the same
kind throughout) and isotropic (i.e., of equal elastic properties in all
directions).
2. The beam material is stressed within its elastic limit and thus, obeys
Hooke’s law.
3. The transverse sections, which were plane before bending, remains
plane after bending also.
4 Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently, of
the layer above or below it
Don’t write or
5 The value of E (Young’s modulus of elasticity) is the same in tension and place any image in
compression. this area
6 The beam is in equilibrium i.e., there is no resultant pull or push in the
beam section.
4
 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
Consider a small length of a simply supported beam subjected
to a bending moment as shown in Figure 1 (a).
Now consider two sections AB and CD, which are normal to
the axis of the beam RS.
Due to action of the bending moment, the beam as a whole
will bend as shown in Fig. 1 (b).
Considering a small length of dx of the beam, therefore the
curvature of the beam in this length, is taken to be circular.
A little consideration will show that the top layer of the beam
has suffered compression and reduced to A′C′. Don’t write or
place any image in
As proceeding towards the lower layers of the beam, the layers this area
RS, which has suffered no change in its length, though bent into
R′S′.

5
 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
On further proceeding towards the lower layers, the
layers have suffered tension, as a result of which
the layers are stretched.
The amount of extension increases as proceeding
lower and the lowermost layer BD which has been
stretched to B′D′ having maximum tension.

It is concluded that layers above have been

compressed and those below RS have been
stretched.
This layer RS, which is neither compressed nor Don’t write or
stretched, is known as neutral plane or neutral place any image in
layer. this area

This theory of bending is called theory of simple

bending.
6
 BENDING STRESS
Consider a small length dx of a beam subjected to a
bending moment as shown in figure 2(a).
As a result of this moment, let this small length of
beam bend into an arc of a circle with O as centre
as shown in figure 2 (b). Figure1. Simple bending
Let M = Moment acting at the beam,
θ = Angle subtended at the centre by the arc
R = Radius of curvature of the beam
Now consider a layer PQ at a distance y from RS the
neutral axis of the beam. Don’t write or
place any image in
Let this layer be compressed to P′ Q′ after bending this area
as shown in figure 2 (b).
The decrease in length of this layer δl = PQ – P′ Q′
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 BENDING STRESS Cont….,
∴ Strain ε = δl/ Original length = [P Q - P′ Q′]/ PQ
Now from the geometry of the curved beam, the two
sections OP′ Q′ and OR′ S′ are similar.
∴ P′ Q′ / R′ S′ = (R− y) / R
or 1 - P′ Q′ / R′ S′ = 1 - (R− y) / R
ε = (R′ S′ - P′ Q′) / R′ S′
= [R- (R−y)]/R =y/R
∴ PQ = R′ S = Neutral axis
It is thus obvious, that the strain (ε) of a layer is
proportional to its distance from the neutral axis. Don’t write or
place any image in
The bending stress σb = Strain × Elasticity this area
= ε × E = (y / R) E
= (R/E)y
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 BENDING STRESS
∵ Since E and R are constants, therefore
the stress at any point is directly
proportional to y,
i.e., the distance of the point from the
neutral axis.

The above expression may also be written

as, σ b / y = E/ R
NOTE. Since the bending stress is inversely
proportional to the radius (R), therefore for
maximum stress the radius should be Don’t write or
minimum and vice versa place any image in
this area

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 BENDING STRESS Cont….,
Problem 1: A copper wire of 2 mm diameter is required to
be wound around a drum. Find the minimum radius of the
drum, if the stress in the wire is not to exceed 80 MPa. Take
modulus of elasticity for the copper as 100 Gpa.
Solution. Given : Diameter of wire (d) = 2 mm ;
Maximum bending stress σb (max) = 80 Mpa
= 80 N/mm2 and
Problem 1:
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 100 Gpa = 100 × 103N/mm2.
The distance between the neutral axis of the wire and its
extreme fibre y = 2/2 = 1 mm Don’t write or
place any image in
∴ Minimum radius of the drum R = (E / σb (max) ) × y this area
= 100 × 103 x 1/ 80
= 1.25 × 103 mm = 1.25 m
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 BENDING STRESS Cont….,

Problem 2: A steel wire of 5 mm diameter is bent into a

circular shape of 5 m radius. Determine the maximum
stress induced in the wire. Take E = 200 GPa.

SOLUTION. Given : Diameter of steel wire (d) = 5 mm ;

Radius of circular shape (R) = 5 m = 5 × 103 mm and
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa
= 200 × 103 N/mm2 .
The distance between the neutral axis of the wire and
its extreme fibre, y = d/2 = 5 /2 = 2.5 mm and
Don’t write or
Maximum bending
∴ Minimum radiusstress
of theinduced
drum (R)in the wire place any image in
σb =(max)
[y/=σ(max)]
(E / R) ×x yE = 200 × 103 × 2.5 / 5 × 103 this area

= [1/ 80] x 100 ×=10

100
3
N/mm
N/mm
2 2
= 100 MPa Ans.
= 1.25 × 103 mm = 1.25 m Ans.
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 BENDING STRESS Cont….,

Problem 3: A metallic rod of 10 mm diameter is bent into a

circular form of radius 6 m. If the maximum bending stress
developed in the rod is 125 MPa, find the value of Young’s
modulus for the rod material.

SOLUTION. Given : Diameter of rod (d) = 10 mm ;

Radius (R) = 6 m = 6 × 103 mm and
Maximum bending stress σb(max) = 125 MPa = 125 N/mm2 .
The distance between the neutral axis of the rod and its
extreme fibre, y = 10 /2 = 5 Don’t write or
∴ Minimum radius of the drum (R) place any image in
Young’s modulus forσ(max)]
= [y/ the rod xmaterial,
E E = (σb (max) / y) × R this area
= (125 / 5) × 6 × 10 3
= [1/ 80] x 100 × 103 N/mm2
∵ Emm
= 1.25 × 103 = 150 × 10m
= 1.25 3
N/mm
Ans. 2 = 150 GPa Ans.
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 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
25 NEUTRAL AXIS, MOMENT OF RESISTANCE, BENDING STRESSES
IN RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR SECTIONS (SOLID AND
HOLLOW)

BY
Dr. D.GOVARDHAN
PROFESSOR & HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Don’t write or

place any image in
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING this area

(Autonomous)
DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043
13
 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
Consider a small length of a simply supported beam subjected
to a bending moment as shown in Figure 1 (a).
Now consider two sections AB and CD, which are normal to
the axis of the beam RS.
Due to action of the bending moment, the beam as a whole
will bend as shown in Fig. 1 (b).
Considering a small length of dx of the beam, therefore the
curvature of the beam in this length, is taken to be circular.
A little consideration will show that the top layer of the beam
has suffered compression and reduced to A′C′. Don’t write or
place any image in
As proceeding towards the lower layers of the beam, the layers this area
RS, which has suffered no change in its length, though bent into
R′S′.

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 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
On further proceeding towards the lower layers, the
layers have suffered tension, as a result of which
the layers are stretched.
The amount of extension increases as proceeding
lower and the lowermost layer BD which has been
stretched to B′D′ having maximum tension.

It is concluded that layers above have been

compressed and those below RS have been
stretched.
This layer RS, which is neither compressed nor Don’t write or
stretched, is known as neutral plane or neutral place any image in
layer. this area

This theory of bending is called theory of simple

bending.
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 POSITION OF NEUTRAL AXIS
The line of intersection of the neutral layer, with
any normal cross-section of a beam, is known as
neutral axis of that section.
The one side of the neutral axis there are
compressive stresses, whereas on the other there
are tensile stresses.
At the neutral axis, there is no stress of any kind.
Consider a section of the beam as shown in figure 3. Let
be the neutral axis of the section.
Figure 3: Neutral axis
Consider a small layer PQ of the beam section at a Don’t write or
distance from the neutral axis . place any image in
this area
Let δA = Area of the layer PQ.
The intensity of stress in the layer PQ
(σ) = y x E/ R
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 POSITION OF NEUTRAL AXIS
∴ The force on the layer PQ = Intensity of stress × Area

= y x (E/R) × δA and
Total force of the beam section = ∫ y x (E/R) × δA
= ∫ ( Ethere
For pure bending, / R) ×isyno
× δA = ( on
force R) ∫section
E / the y × δA of the
beam or the section is in equilibrium, therefore total
force , from top to bottom, must be equal to zero.
∴ (E/R) ∫ y. δA = 0 or ∫ y . δA = 0 (∵E/R are constants)
The y × δA is the moment of the area about the neutral axis Figure 3: Neutral axis
and Σ y × δ a is the moment of the entire area of the cross-
section about the neutral axis.
The moment of the entire area of any section is is zero about
the axis. Hence the neutral axis of a section is coincides with
centroidal axis,. This centroidal axis will be the neutral axis of
the section.
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 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE
It is observed that on one side of the neutral axis there are
compressive stresses and on the other there are tensile stresses.
Due to these stresses, the forces will be acting on the layers. These
forces form a moment about N.A.
The total moment of these forces about the N A for a section is
known as Moment of a resistance of that section..
Consider a section of the beam as shown in figure. 6.
Let NA be the neutral axis of the section Figure 6: moment of resistance

Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

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 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

Now consider a small layer PQ of the beam section at a

distance y from the neutral axis
Let δA = Area of the layer PQ.
Then force in the layer PQ (σ)= y. E/ R
∴ Total stress in the layer PQ= (E /R) x δA

The moment of this total forces about the neutral axis =

(E /R) x Y. δA. Y
= (E/R) y2.δA Figure 6: moment of resistance

The algebraic sum of all such moments about the Don’t write or
neutral axis must be equal to M. Therefore M = ∫(E/R) place any image in
y2.δA this area

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 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

The expression ∫ y2.δA represents the moment of inertia of the

area of the whole section about the neutral axis.
Therefore M = (E/R) × I
(where I = moment of inertia) or
M/I = E/R. but σ/y = E/R
∴ M/I= σ/y = E/R
This equation is known as bending equation
It is the most important equation in the theory of simple
bending, which gives us relation between various
characteristics of a beam. Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

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 DISTRIBUTION OF BENDING STRESS ACROSS THE SECTION
It is observed that there is no stress at the neutral
axis. In a simply supported beam, there is a
compressive stress above the neutral axis and a
tensile stress below it.
It is also noted that the stress at a point is directly
proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.

Fig 5: Distribution of bending stress

Hence the stresses in a simply supported beam
section, varied across the section can be
represented as shown in figure 5. Don’t write or
place any image in
The maximum stress (either compressive or this area
tensile) takes place at the outermost layer.

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 DISTRIBUTION OF BENDING STRESS ACROSS THE SECTION
Or in other words, while obtaining maximum bending stress at
a section, the value of y is taken as maximum.

The relation for finding out the bending stress on the extreme
fibre of a section, i.e.,
M/I= σ/y or M = I x σ/y
From this relation, the stress in a fibre is proportional to its
distance from the cg. If y max is the distance between the CG of Fig 5: Distribution of bending stress
the section and the extreme fibre of the stress,
then M = σ max × I / y max Don’t write or
place any image in
= σ max × Z where Z = I x ymax this area
The term ‘Z’ is known as modulus of section or section modulus.

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 MODULUS OF SECTION
The general practice of writing the above equation is M = σ × Z, where σ denotes the
maximum stress, tensile or compressive in nature.
if the section of a beam to, is symmetrical, its centre of gravity and hence the neutral
axis will lie at the middle of its depth.
The modulus of section of the following sections:
1. Rectangular section. 2. Circular section

1. Rectangular section (IG)= bd3/12,

∴ Modulus of section (Z)= bd2/6 (∵ y = d/2)
2. Circular section: (IG) =(π/64)d4, Don’t write or
∴ Modulus of section place any image in
this area
Z = ((π/64)d4 /(d/2) = (π/32)d3

Note : If the given section is hollow, then the

corresponding values for external and internal 23
 MODULUS OF SECTION
Note : If the given section is hollow, then the corresponding values for
external and internal dimensions should be taken
It is also termed as flexural strength of a section, which means the moment
of resistance offered by it. The relations M = I x σ/y = σ x z
It is thus obvious that the moment of resistance depends upon moment of
inertia (or section modulus) of the section.
In the case of a beam, subjected to transverse loading, the bending stress at
a point is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.

Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

24
 STRENGTH OF A SECTION
Prob 1: Two beams are simply supported over the same span and have the same flexural strength.
Compare the weights of these two beams, if one of them is solid and the other is hollow circular with
internal diameter half of the external diameter.

Figure 6 a & b: Solid beam

Don’t write or
place any image in
Solution. Given : Span of the solid beam = Span of the hollow beam and
this area

Flexural strength of solid beam = Flexural strength of the hollow section.

Let D = Diameter of the solid beam and D1 = Diameter of the hollow beam. 25
 STRENGTH OF A SECTION
The section modulus of the solid section(Z1)= (1/32) π×D3 ---------------(i)
Now consider the hollow beam as shown in figure 6(b).

The section modulus of the hollow section(Z2) = (1/32) π×(D41 – d4)/D1

Since D1 = 2xd ∴Z2 = (1/32) π×[(D41 – (0.5D1) 4]/D1 = (1/32) π× 0.9375D13--(ii)

Since both the beams are supported over the same span (l) and have the same flexural strength,
therefore section modulus of both the beams must be equal.
Now equating equations (i) and (ii),
Don’t write or
(1/32) π×D = (1/32) π× 0.9375D1 -
3 3
place any image in
this area
or D3 = 0.9375 (D1)3 ∴ D3 = (0.9375)D13 ∴D = 0.98 D1

The weights of two beams are proportional to their respective cross-sectional areas.
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 STRENGTH OF A SECTION
The section modulus of the solid section(Z1)= (1/32) π×D3 ---------------(i)
Now consider the hollow beam as shown in figure 6(b).

The section modulus of the hollow section(Z2) = (1/32) π×(D41 – d4)/D1

Since D1 = 2xd ∴Z2 = (1/32) π×[(D41 – (0.5D1) 4]/D1 = (1/32) π× 0.9375D13--(ii)

∴ Weight of solid beam /Weight of hollow beam =

Area of solid beam/Area of hollow beam

(1/4) π×D2 / (1/4) π× ( D1 2 –d2) = (1/4) π×D2 /(1/4) π× ( D1 2 –0. D1 2) Don’t write or
place any image in
this area
= (1/4) π×D2 /(1/4) π× [( D1 2 –(0.5 D1 2)] =1.28

since D = 0.98 D1
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 STRENGTH OF A SECTION
In a symmetrical section (i.e., circular, square or rectangular), the centre of gravity of the section lies
at the geometrical centre of the section as shown in figure 7.
Since the neutral axis of a section passes through its centre of gravity, therefore neutral axis of a
symmetrical section passes through its geometrical centre.
In such cases, the outermost layer or extreme fibre is at a distance of d/2 from its geometrical centre,
where d is the diameter (in a circular section) or depth (in square or rectangular sections).
Note : In most or the cases, it is required to find the maximum bending stress in the section.
The bending stress at a point, in a section is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.
Therefore, maximum bending stress in a section will occur in the extreme fibre of the section.
Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

28
 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Problem 2: A rectangular beam 60 mm wide and 150 mm deep
is simply supported over a span of 6 m as shown in figure 7. If
the beam is subjected to central point load of 12 kN, find the
maximum bending stress induced in the beam section.
Solution. Given: Width (b)= 60 mm ; Depth (d) = 150 mm ;
Span (l) = 6 × 103 mm and load (W) = 12 kN
= 12 × 103 N.

Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

29
Figure 7: rectangular simply supported beam
 STRENGTH OF A SECTION
The maximum bending moment at the centre of a simply supported
beam subjected to a central point load,
M = Wl /4 = (12 x103) (6 x103) /4 = 18 × 106 N-mm
Section modulus of the rectangular section (Z) = 60 x (150)2 / 6
= 25 × 103 mm3
∴ Maximum bending stress (σmax) =M/Z= 18×106 / 225×103
= 80 N/mm2 = 80 MPa
Problem 3: A cantilever beam is rectangular shown in figure 8, in section
having 80 mm width and 120mm depth. If the cantilever is subjected to a
point load of 6 kN at the free end and the bending stress is not to exceed 40 Don’t write or
MPa, find the span of the cantilever beam. place any image in
this area
Solution. Given data: Width (b) = 80 mm; Depth(d) = 120 mm ;
Point load (W) = 6 kN = 6×103 N and Max. bending stress = 40Mpa= 40 N/mm2
30
 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS

Figure 8: A cantilever beam

Maximum bending stress (σmax) = 40 MPa = 40 N/mm2 , Let l = Span of the cantilever beam.
The section modulus (Z) = bd2/6 = 80 x 1202/6 = 192 × 103 mm3
Don’tatwrite
The maximum bending moment at the fixed end of the cantilever subjected to a point load theorfree
place any image in
end(M) = Wl = (6 × 103) × l this area
∴ Maximum bending stress [σb (max)] = 40 = M/Z = (6×103)×l / 192×103

l = 40 x 192×103 / (6×103) = 40 × 32 = 1280 mm = 1.28 m Ans. 31

 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Problem 4: A hollow square section with outer and inner
dimensions of 50 mm and 40 mm respectively is used as a
cantilever of span1m as shown in figure 9. How much
concentrated load can be applied at the free end of the
cantilever, if the maximum bending stress is not to exceed 35
Mpa?

Figure 9: Cantilever beam

Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

32
 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Solution. Given :
Outer width (or depth) (B) = 50 mm ;
Inner width (or depth) = (b) = 40 mm;
Span (l) = 1 × 103 mm and
maximum bending stress
σb (max) = 35 MPa = 35 N/mm2
Let W = Concentrated load that be applied at the free end of the
cantilever.
The moment of inertia of the hollow square section,
I=BD3/12−bd3/12 Don’t write or
place any image in
=50x503/12−40 x403/12 = 307.5 × 103 mm4 this area

∴ Modulus of section, Z = I/ (B/2) = 307.5 103/50

= 12300 mm3 and
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 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Maximum bending moment at the fixed end of the cantilever
subjected to a point load at the free end,M = Wl = W × (1 × 103) =
1×103 W
∴ Maximum bending stress (σmax) = 35 = M/Z
= 1×103 W / 12300
and hence W = 430.5 N Ans.
Problem 5. A hollow steel tube having external and internal
diameter of 100 mm and 75 mm respectively is simply
supported over a span of 5 m as shown in figure 10. The tube Don’t write or
carries a concentrated load of W at a distance of 2 m from one place any image in
this area
of the supports. What is the value of W, if the maximum
bending stress is not to exceed 100 Mpa.

34
 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Given : External diameter (D) = 100 mm, Internal diameter
(d) = 75 mm ;
Span (l) = 5 m = 5 × 103 mm ;
Distance AC (a) = 2m = 2 × 103 mm or
Distance BC (b) = 5-2 = 3m = 3×103 mm
Maximum bending stress (σmax) = 100 MPa = 100 N/mm2.

Don’t write or
place any image in
this area

Figure 10. simply supported

35
 BENDING STRESSES IN SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
The maximum bending moment over a simply supported beam
subjected to an eccentric load (M) = W x a x b / l = W x 2×103 x
3×103 /5×103
= 1.2 x103 W Nm
The section modulus of a hollow circular section(Z) = π(D4- d4) /
(64 x D/2)
= π(1004- 754) / (64 x 100/2)
= 67.1 × 103 mm3
The maximum bending stress [σb max] = M/Z Don’t write or
place any image in
this area
or 100 = 1.2 x103 W / 67.1 × 103
∴ W = 5.6 × 103 N = 5.6 kN Ans.

36
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
There are many types of composite beams that we come across, but
the following are the important.
1. Beams of unsymmetrical sections,
2. Beams of uniform strength and
3. Flitched beams.
3. BEAMS OF UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
In a symmetrical section, it is observed that the
distance of extreme fibre from the CG . of the
section y = d/2. Don’t write or
place any image in
But this is not the case, in an unsymmetrical this area
section (L, I, T, etc.), since the neutral axis of such
section does not pass through the geometrical
centre of The section..
37
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
In such cases, first the centre of gravity of the
section is to be determined and then determine the
values of y, in the tension and compression sides.

For obtaining the bending stress in a beam, the

bigger value of y (in tension or compression) is
used in the equation.
Problem 6: Two wooden planks 150 mm × 50 mm each are
connected to form a T-section of a beam as shown in figure 11.
If a moment of 6.4 kN-m is applied around the horizontal Don’t write or
neutral axis, inducing tension below the neutral axis, find the place any image in
bending stresses at both the extreme fires of the cross- section. this area

38
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
26 BENDING STRESSES IN I AND T SECTIONS,

BY
Dr. D.GOVARDHAN
PROFESSOR & HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Don’t write or
(Autonomous) place any image in
DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043 this area

39
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
Solution. Given: Size of wooden planks = 150 Figure 11 : T-section of a beam
mm × 50 mm and
moment (M) = 6.4 kN-m
= 6.4 × 106 N-mm.
Two planks forming the T-section are shown in figure 1

First find the centre of gravity of the beam section.

The distance between the centre of gravity of the section and its
Don’t write or
bottom face (yc) place any image in
this area
= [(150 x50) 175+ (150 x 50) 75] / [(150 x 50) + (150 x 50)] =
1875000/15000 =125 mm
40
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
∴ Distance between the centre of gravity of the section and the
upper extreme fibre (yt)
= 200 – 125 = 75 mm
Distance between the centre of gravity of the section and the lower
extreme fibre yc = 125 mm
Moment of inertia of the T section about an axis passing through its
c.g. and parallel to the bottom face (I) =150 x (50)3 /12 + (150 x
50) (175 - 125)2
+ 50 x (150)3 /12 + (150 x 50) (125 - 75)2
Don’t write or
place any image in
= (20.3125 × 106) + (32.8125 × 106) mm4 this area
= 53.125 × 106 mm4
∴ Bending stress in the upper extreme fibre (σ1) = (M/I) x yt = (6.4
x106 / 53.125x106/) × 125 41
2
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
and bending stress in the lower extreme fibre
(σ2) = (M/I) x yc

= 6.4 x106/ (53.125x106) x 75 = 9.04 N/mm2

= 9.04 MPa (tension) Ans

Problem 7: Figure 12 shows a rolled steel beam of an

unsymmetrical I-section. If the maximum bending stress in the
beam section is not to exceed 40 MPa, find the moment, which
the beam can resist.
Solution. Given: Maximum bending stress (σmax) = 40 MPa = 40 Don’t write or
place any image in
N/mm2. this area
The distance between the CG of the section and bottom face (yc)

42
 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
yc = [(100 x50)275+(200x 50)150+(200x 50)25]/
[(100 x50) +(200 x 50)+(200 50)] = 125 mm
∴ y1 = 300 – 125 = 175 mm and y2 = 125 mm
Thus take the value of y = 175 mm Figure 12

(i.e. greater of the two values between y1 and y2).

The moment of inertia of the I-section about an axis
passing through its centre of gravity and parallel to the bottom
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 BENDING STRESSES IN COMPOSTE SECTIONS
I = [100 x (50) 3 /12 + (100 x 50) (275 -125)2 ]+
[50 x(200)3 /12 + (50 x 200) x (150 –
125)2] + [200 x(50)3 /12 + (200 x50)
(125- 50)2]
= 255.2×106 mm4

Section modulus of the I-section(Z) = I/y

= 255.2 106/175

= 1.46 × 106 mm3

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∴ Moment, which the beam can resist (M) this area
= σmax × Z
= 40 × (1.46 × 106)
= 58.4 × 106 N-mm = 58.4 kN-m Ans.
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45
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
27 BENDING STRESSES IN ANGLE AND CHANNEL SECTIONS,
DESIGN OF SIMPLE BEAM SECTIONS, BEAMS OF UNIFORM
STRENGTH.
BY
Dr. D.GOVARDHAN
PROFESSOR & HEAD

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

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INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING place any image in
(Autonomous) this area

DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043

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