Exercise time ~

Cell division
pg1
(a) (i) Healing of wounds
(ii) Growth of new tail after a lizard has lost its tail
(iii) Replacement of dead blood cells
(b) Due to controlled mitotic division
(c) Sea stars (Starfish) / Planaria / Earthworm
(d) Fragmentation
(e) Asexual production
(f) (i) Skin cells (ii) Liver cells
(g) (i) Muscle cells (ii) Nerve cells
Pg2,3

It’s a HOMEWORK
～～～！！！！～～～
Pg 4
4. (a) A: - B: -
(b) Anaphase; Chromatids separate when the
centromere splits and the daughter chromosome
are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres.
(c) Daughter cells become genetically identical to
parent cells, since this phase maintains the
chromosome number.
(d) Interphase - growth, synthesis of organelles,
division of organelles, replication of DNA.
/Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm, or
formation of cell plate in plants.
Pg5,6

SKIP !
Pg7

It’s a HOMEWORK
～～～！！！！～～～
 Pg 8.
(a) - - -
(b) The chromosomes condensed, thicken and become
tightly coiled.
The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane
disintegrates.
Each pair of centrioles migrate to the opposite poles.
Spindle fibre formed.
 Pg 8.
(c) Stage M: The two sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate at the centromere
and are pulled apart to the opposite poles.
Stage N: The chromosomes are arranged randomly at
the equatorial plane
with the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome still attached to each other at
the centromere.
 Pg 8.
(d) All plantlets produced this way are genetically
identical.
Hence, all the adult plants that develop from them
share the same traits.
(e)
 9.
(a) (i) , , ,
(ii) Cleavage furrow is form in animal cell while cell
plate is form in plant cell.
(b)(i) In stage P, microfilament in the cytoplasm contract
to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards,
forming a groove called cleavage furrow.
Cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell.
The cleavage furrow deepens progressively until the
cell separates into 2 daughter cells.
(ii) Regeneration of lizard tail.
 9.
(c) Tiny plantlets are reproduced through mitosis
which take place at the meristematic tissues along
the leaf margin.
As a result, each new plantlet produced has the same
number of chromosomes as the parents.
第 10 题 (pg11)

～ It’s a HOMEWORK
～
Correction
Pg12~16

SKIP !
pg17
16 (a) 1. Tissue culture involves mitosis only, while
sexual propagation involves gametes which are

produced by meiosis.
2. Tissue culture produces progeny/offsprings
which are genetically identical to the parent
plant, while sexual propagation produces
progeny with genetic variation.
3. Tissue culture can be done using tissue from
many different parts of the plant, while sexual
propagation involves flowers only.
pg17
(b) (i)
Tissue culture can produce a large number of progeny
in a short time,
seed production takes more time and some plants only
produce a limited number of seeds.
Tissue culture produces progeny with the same
desirable traits, while progeny from seeds have
unpredictable traits.
pg17
b(ii)
Tissue culture produces progeny with no variation,
while plants from seeds have genetic variation which is
necessary for the survival of a population in a changing
environment.
Tissue culture produces progeny
with a shorter lifespan compared
to plants from seeds which live
longer.
pg19
17
(a) Both the plantlets from tissue culture and the cloned
animal are genetically identical to their single parent.
(b) 1. Animals with desirable traits are cloned to
produce similar progeny:
cows which produce a lot of milk and plants which
produce a lot of high quality fruits.
2. Endangered species. eg giant pandas, can be cloned
to increase their numbers.
pg19
18 (c)
l. The success rate is low. More than 90% of cloning
attempts fail to produce viable offspring.
2. Cloned animals tend to have defective immune
functions and higher rates of infection, tumor growth,

and other disorders.

pg18
18 (a) Tissue culture technique.
(b) It does not involve fertilization between the male
gamete and female gamete.
Somatic cells obtained from the root cells are used.
(c) Agar medium is a growth medium which consists of a
complex mixture of nutrients such as amino acids
and glucose and other substances such as hormones
needed for the growth of tissues.
pg18
17 (d) Callus is an undifferentiated mass of tissues
produced from an aggregate of cells through
mitosis.
(e) Advantages:
Large number of clones can be produced.
Disadvantages:
Clones do not show genetic variation and may die due
to unable to adapt to the new changes.
(f) By altering the genetic through genetic engineering
so that the parent plant carries desirable new traits
before propagating it through tissue culture technique.