Pumps, Valves, and Fans

SERKAN YAMAN
 I. Objectives
 How to control the flow of fluids.
 How to create flow of fluids in our
system.
 Bernoulli’s Principle.
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH).
 Fans.
 II. Valves
 Definition: devices which control the
amount and direction of fluid flow in
piping systems.
 Typically made of brass, iron or steel alloy.
 Components:
 valve body disc seat
 packing gland packing stem
 bonnet wheel
 II. Valves
 Types of Valves:
 Stop Valves:
 globe:
 one of the most common type.
 used in steam, air, water and oil lines.
 disc on end of stem which seats against a seating
ring or seating surface which shuts off the flow of
fluid.
 advantage: used for ______________________
 disadvantage: flow resistance.
II. Valves
 gate: used when there must be a straight-line flow
of fluids with a minimum of resistance.
 uses a wedge-shaped gate at the end of the stem. When
valve is open, gate is fully withdrawn into valve body.
 disadvantage: not to be used for throttling
 advantage: no flow resistance.
 butterfly: (FYI)
 commonly used in low pressure water/fuel systems.
 advantage: small, light-weight, and quick-acting.
 disadvantage: can be throttled, if low flow only; will tend
to leak at higher pressures.
 used heavily in ventilation systems.
 II. Valves
 Check Valves: controls the direction of flow.
May use a disc or ball to block flow if
reversal of flow direction.
 swing check: disc moves through an arc.
 lift check: disc moves up and down.
 ball check: ball is located at the end of the stem
and seats similar to a simple snorkel device.
 II. Valves
 Relief valves: opens automatically when
fluid pressure becomes too high, but prior
to maximum design pressure.
 many use a spring to push against a disc or
ball; when the pressure is great enough to
overcome the resistance of the spring, the disc
or ball is forced upward and the valve is
opened. When the system pressure drops to a
safe value, the spring closes the valve.
 II. Valves
 Remote operating gear: allows the
operation from distant stations. Types:
 mechanical: uses reach rods and gears.
 ex: valves out of ‘reach’ due to distance or
density.
 hydraulic: uses fluid and piston set up.
 ex: high-speed, large valves such as Main
Steam Stops.
 II. Valves
 motor: uses an electric or pneumatic motor.
 ex: Feed Control (throttle) Valves use electric
motor.
 solenoid: uses coil and core mechanism to
open or close on an electric signal from
remote location.
 III. Pumps
 Definition: device which utilizes an external
source of power to apply a force to a fluid to
move the fluid from one place to another. In
thermodynamic language, it transfers one
source of energy into mechanical energy which
is transferred to the fluid.
 must overcome: (1) __________ forces; (2)
difference in static pressure between two
locations; and (3) provide any ___________
desired.
III. Pumps
 Components:
 drive (steam/electric/gear)
 pump shaft
 impeller or piston
 casing
 III. Pumps
 Types:
 Positive-displacement: fixed volume of
fluid is displaced during each cycle
regardless of static head (discharge
pressure). Uses either a piston or screw
type arrangement.
 III. Pumps
 Non-Positive Displacement: volume of fluid
is dependent on static head (discharge
pressure).
 centrifugal: impeller inside a case (volute).
Impeller is a disc with curved vanes mounted
radially (like a water wheel).
 suction is the eye -> fluid accelerated as it travels
outward due to
____________________________________.
 Propeller: uses propeller inside casing to move
fluid; not used much in Naval applications.
 III. Pumps
 Jet pumps: Bernoulli’s principle and no
moving parts.

P1V1 = P2V2
 III. Pumps
 Types:
 eductor: to pump liquid.
 ejector: to pump gasses.
 III. Pumps
 Characteristic Curves:
 Pump parameters:
 N = pump speed, RPM.
 V = volumetric flow rate, GPM.
 HP = pump head (discharge press.), psig.
 P = power required, HP.
 III. Pumps
 Positive Displacement Pump:
N1 N2
HP act N2 = 2N1

V proportional to N
GPM until failure
V
=> V2 = 2V1
 III. Pumps
 Centrifugal:
 Parallel pumps:

V2 = 2V1
HP 2 pumps
HP2 = HP1
1 pump

GPM
V
III. Pumps
 Series (called staging):

2 pumps
HP2 = _______
HP
V2 = _______
1 pump

GPM
V
 III. Pumps
 Net Positive Suction Head: that
pressure required at the suction of a
pump to prevent cavitation.
 cavitation: the formation of vapor bubbles
due to area where P < PSAT, and the
subsequent collapse upon migration to a
high-pressure area.
 causes noise and damage due to erosion and
fatigue failure.
 III. Pumps
 Need enough pressure on the suction side
such that the pump does not reduce
pressure @ the eye to cause P < Psat. If P <
Psat, water flashes to vapor causing damage
to the pump.

pump
 IV. Fans
 same principles as non-positive
displacement pumps
 Types:
 centrifugal: majority used.
 Axial (like propeller): office fan.
 Summary
 Valves
 definition and components
 types
 Pumps
 definition and components
 types
 pump characteristic curves
 Fans