NOITPERLICA

Replication
SRANTTIONCRIP
Transcription
NIOTALSNART
Translation
 10th grade

The Central Dogma

Nikko Jan H. Quimpan
Student Teacher
 Learning Objectives
01 02 03
Discuss the synthesis of Distinguish the difference Organize the process of
protein through the of DNA and RNA by Replication, Transcription,
process of Central Dogma understanding its and Translation.
of Life. structure.
 Table of contents

DNA and Replication

01 02
RNA

03 Transcription 04 Translation
Activity
Time!
Basis of Comparison DNA RNA

Number of Strands

Type of Sugar

Nitrogenous Base

Question.
1. How does the structure of DNA differ from the RNA?

2. What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

 01
DNA and RNA
Differentiate the DNA and RNA
 Difference between DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
• It is a double-stranded molecule.
• It is formed of long chains of
nucleotides.
• It is more stable.
• Sugar is deoxyribose.
• The complementary base pairing of
adenine is thymine.
Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)
• It is a single-stranded molecule.
• It is formed of a shorter chain
of nucleotides.
• Sugar part is ribose.
• The complementary base
pairing of adenine is uracil.
 02
The Central
Dogma
3 process involved in the
Central Dogma
Replication Transcription Translation
 DNA
(Deoxyribose Nucleic
Acid) repository of
Genetic information;
sequence of bases
encodes the blueprint
for life.
 What is protein synthesis
• Process of making proteins.
• Proteins are the “executor” of cell of life
activities.
• Proteins are made up of amino acids.
 DNA REPLICATION

The DNA molecules separate into

two complementary strands.
 DNA REPLICATION
• DNA replication ensures that each cell
has the complete set of DNA molecules
during cell division.

• DNA strands separate and serve as

templates for the production of new DNA
molecules.
Process of DNA replication
In the lagging strand, there are
gaps where the RNA primers were
present.

Exonuclease - an enzyme strips or

remove the RNA primers away.
TERMINATION
 LIGASE

-an enzyme seals up the

sequence into two
continuous double strands,
resulting 2 DNA molecules.
 Proofreading of DNA polymerase

• It helps prevent mistakes in the

replication process.

• It helps to prevent errors in copying

the DNA strand.
Editing and Proofreading DNA
The following are features of replication:

• Semiconservative- the resulting DNA consists

of one old and one new strand.

• Base pairing is maintained; Adenine pairs with

Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
 DNA TRANSCRIPTION
• The process by which RNA is
synthesized from DNA.

• In prokaryotes it occurs in cytoplasm.

• In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus.

RNA FUNCTION
• information in the form of base
sequence is
transformed(transcribed) into
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
• DNA is the template copied
into RNA by base pairing.
• G with C; A with U
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Carries genetic codes from DNA
(nucleus) to ribosomes.

• translates the genetic code into

proteins with the help of ribosome

• Location in the cell

• Nucleus and Cytoplasm
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• helps in transfering amino acids to
the correct sequence in the mRNA.

• Location in the cell

• Cytoplasm
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• structural components of
ribosomes.

• 80% of total RNA in the body,

found in ribosomes.

• Location in the cell

• Ribosome
 Process of DNA Transcription

01 02 03

Initiation Elongation Termination

Process Process Process
 RNA Polymerase

-binds to DNA strands. It uses only

one strand of DNA as a template to
create a strand of mRNA. It binds
at specific sequences in the DNA
nucleotides called promoters.
Instead of Thymine,
RNA uses URACIL in
protein synthesis since
it is easier to produce
than Thymine.
 EXAMPLE
• DNA (Template Strand)
TAG-CCG-AAT-GCG-TAA-ACG

• mRNA
AUC-GGC-UUA-CGC-AAU-UGC
The 5’ Cap and poly-A-
tail helps to export the
mRNA to our nucleus
and protects the mRNA
to the enzymes that is
present in our nucleus
 mRNA TRANSLATION
• This occurs in the ribosome.

• Basic ingredients are the various types of

RNAs produced in the transcription and
some proteins or enzymes.
 RIBOSOME
• The site of translation.

• It is a molecular complexes that

helps us to have an order bonds
of amino acids in the polypeptide
chains.
 Process of mRNA Translation

01 02 03

Initiation Elongation Termination

Process Process Process
 GENETIC CODE CHART
• The language of instruction in
the mRNA is called genetic
code. It is read using a
combination of only 3 letters at a
time.
• CODON - the 3 letter
 GENETIC CODE CHART
• STOP codons - UAG, UGA, and
UAA
• START codon - AUG
(Methionine)
• 64 codons - amino acids
 Example: DNA Transcription to RNA Translation

DNA: TAC - AAT- GCG - TCG - ATT

mRNA: AUG - UUA - CGC - AGC - UAA (codon)

tRNA: UAC - AAU - GCG - UCG - none (anti codon)

 RNA TRANSLATION

For Translation

mRNA: AUG - UUA - CGC - AGC - UAA

Methionine - Leucine - Arginine - Serine - STOP

 PROTEINS

• are the final products in

the central dogma.
 EXAMPLES

a. Collagen - supports b. Protein also aid in

the body and connects transporting
our muscles and bone molecules in our body
together. examples hemoglobin.
 EXAMPLES

c. It also acts as enzyme that d. Proteins act as a

break down the food we eat,
and enzyme specifying gene
can help produce a surface
antigen in the RBC, which
determines your blood type.
passageway of molecules and
substances into and out of the
cell.
 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS

1. Nonessential Amino Acid - are those

that cannot be produced by our bodies,
which is why they should be present in
our daily diet.
 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS

2. Essential Amino Acid - are

those that can be produced by
our bodies.
 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS

3. Conditional Amino Acid - are

not vital but may because urgent
during health crisis or stress.
3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS
Essential amino acids are found in BEANS,
LEGUMES, AND CORN.
 Let’s Check
mRNA strand
AUG-GCU-ACG-GAG-CUU-CGG-AGC-UAG
 Let’s Check
mRNA strand
AUG-GCU-ACG-GAG-CUU-CGG-AGC-UAG

tRNA strand
UAC-CGA-UGC-CUC-GAA-GCC-UCG-AUC
 Let’s Check
mRNA strand
AUG-GCU-ACG-GAG-CUU-CGG-AGC-UAG

Amino Acid

Met-Ala-Thr-Glu-Leu-Arg-Ser-Stop
THANK
YOU!
 Answer the following question:

1. What does protein synthesis mean?

2. Why are these protein important?
3. What are the 3 process of the central
dogma?
4. Differentiate the process of the central
dogma?