Chapter 05

Chapter 5: Conservation of
Momentum
OBJECTIVES
Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and

its application
Introduce Euler’s equation of motion along a

streamline
Introduce Bernoulli's equation
MENG308
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 FluidFluid
FluidMechanics
Mechanics
Mechanics 2 Chapter
Chapter3:5:Pressure and Fluid
Conservation Statics
of Momentum
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is

called the linear momentum or just the momentum of the
body.
Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of a

body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is
inversely proportional to its mass,
and that the rate of change of the momentum of a body

is equal to the net force acting on the body.
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
ESOE 505221 Mechanics
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 3 Chapter
of Momentum
5.2 MOMENTUMAND FLUID FLOW
We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.

 The lift force on an aircraft is exerted by the air moving over the
wing.
 A jet of water from a hose exerts a force on whatever it hits.
In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in
the same way as in solid mechanics - by use of
Newton’s laws of motion.
Account is also taken for the special properties of fluids
when in motion.
The momentum equation is a statement of Newton’s
Second Law and relates the sum of the forces acting
on an element of fluid to its acceleration or rate of
change of momentum
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 4 Chapter
of Momentum
Review: Last time, we derived the Reynolds Transport Theorem:
• where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass),
• and b is the corresponding intensive property (B / m ).
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 5 Chapter
of Momentum
Recall:
• The system (e.g., Bsys ) is a fluid volume that moves along with the fluid
particles.
• The control volume (cv) may move relative to the fluid; for example, it may
be fixed in space.
• The control surface (cs) is a closed surface that contains the control volume.
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 6 Chapter
of Momentum
a) b) c)
Meaning:
• Term a) describes the physical change that takes place for a set of fluid
particles.
• Term b) describes the change observed in a given control volume.
• Term c) describes the difference: For example, if the property B has not
changed for the fluid particles, but B has changed inside the control volume,
then this must be because new fluid particles have entered the cv which
carried a different amount of B with them.
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 7 Chapter
of Momentum
Still review…
We then applied the Reynolds Transport Theorem to the property of mass (M ).
Different ways of writing the results:
with
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 8 Chapter
of Momentum
Today, we use the Momentum Principle:
We will do 2 things:
1) Use the law of conservation of momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law).
2) Set B = mv, (where B is the extensive property) and substitute this into
the Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Notice the similarities to last lecture:
1) Use conservation of mass, dMsys / dt = 0

2) Set B = m
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 9 Chapter
of Momentum
Newton’s 2nd Law:
or
Definition of (linear) momentum:
Conservation of momentum:
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 10 Chapter
of Momentum
Notice the similarities and differences between conservation of mass and
momentum:
(conservation of mass)
(conservation of momentum)
1) Both equations are applied to the system.
2) Mass is conserved absolutely (never changes in classical physics);

Momentum is conserved unless a force is applied.
3) Mass conservation is a scalar equation; Momentum conservation is a

vector equation (3 equations).
MENG308 FluidFluid
of Momentum
Reynolds Transport Theorem with B = mv becomes
and using Newton’s 2nd Law
we get
MENG308 FluidFluid
of Momentum
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
d
F   vdV   vV .dA
dt cv cs
This equation states that the sum of the external forces

acting on the material in the control volume equals the rate
of momentum change inside the control volume (aka
momentum accumulation) plus net rate at which
momentum flows out of the control volume.
If there is no momentum accumulation;
Zero momentum accumulation is
F   vV .dA common for many problems in
cs fluid mechanics
ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 13 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Reynolds Transport Theorem: Simplified form
If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a number of inlet and
outlet ports, and the velocity v is uniformly distributed (constant) across each
port; then
 
d
F   vdV  cs vo mo  cs vi mi
dt cv
In Cartesian coordinate (x,y,z) system, the component form of the momentum
equation in x-direction:
 
d
Fx   v x dV 
dt cv
 cs
vox mo   cs
vix mi
ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 14 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

5.2 MOMENTUM AND FLUID FLOW
The rate of change of momentum across the control

volume:
And according the Newton’s second law, this change of momentum

per unit time will be caused by a force F, Thus:
This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction of

motion.
By Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an equal and opposite
reaction on its surroundings
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.3 EQUATION OF MOMENTUM
Consider the two dimensional system shown:
Since both momentum and force are vector quantities,
they can be resolving into components in the x and y
directions
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
These components can be combined to give the

resultant force:
And the angle of this force:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
This force is made up of three components:
1. F1 =FR = Force exerted in the given direction on the

fluid by any solid body touching the control volume
2. F2 =FB = Force exerted in the given direction on the
fluid by body force (e.g. gravity)
3. F3 =FP = Force exerted in the given direction on the
fluid by fluid pressure outside the control volume
The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body
touching the control volume is equal and opposite to FR
. So the reaction force, R, is given by:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.4 APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM
EQUATION
We will consider the following examples:
Impact of a jet on a plane surface
Force due to flow round a curved vane
Force due to the flow of fluid round a
pipe bend.
Reaction of a jet.
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
EQUATION
STEPS IN ANALYSIS:
1. Draw a control volume
2. Decide on co-ordinate axis system
3. Calculate the total force
4. Calculate the pressure force
5. Calculate the body force
6. Calculate the resultant force
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
EQUATION
STEPS IN ANALYSIS:
1. Draw a control volume
2. Decide on co-ordinate axis system
3. Calculate the total force
4. Calculate the pressure force
5. Calculate the body force
6. Calculate the resultant force
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.5 FORCE EXERTED BY A JET STRIKING
A FLAT PLATE
Consider a jet striking a flat plate that may be
perpendicular or inclined to the direction of the jet.
This plate may be moving in the initial direction of the
jet.
It is helpful to consider components of the velocity and

force vectors perpendicular and parallel to the surface
of the plate.
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.5 FORCE EXERTED BYA JET STRIKINGA
FLAT PLATE
The general term of the jet velocity component normal
to the plate can be written as:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.5 FORCE EXERTED BY A JET STRIKING
A FLAT PLATE
•In the direction parallel to the plate, the force exerted will
depend upon the shear stress between the fluid and the
surface of the plate.
•For ideal fluid there would be no shear stress and hence no
force parallel to the plate
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50 mm in
diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate:
1. The force on the plate when it is stationary.
2. The force on the plate when it moves in the same
direction as the jet with a velocity of 6m/s
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
A jet of water from a fixed nozzle has a diameter d of
25mm and strikes a flat plate at angle u of 30o to the
normal to the plate. The velocity of the jet v is 5m/s,
and the surface of the plate can be assumed to be
frictionless.
Calculate the force exerted normal to the plate
(a) if the plate is stationary.
(b) if the plate is moving with velocity u of 2m/s in the
same direction as the jet
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OF A JET
BY A CURVED VANE
Both velocity and momentum are vector quantities
Even if the magnitude of the velocity remains
unchanged, a changed in direction of a stream of fluid
will give rise to a change of momentum.
If the stream is deflected by a curved vane (entering
and leaving tangentially without impact). A force will be
exerted between the fluid and the surface of the vane
to cause this change in momentum.
MENG308
ESOE
MENG308 Fluid
505221
EGGD3109 FluidMechanics
Fluid
Mechanics
of Momentum
5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OFA JET
BY A CURVED VANE
It is usually convenient to calculate the components of
this force parallel and perpendicular to the direction of
the incoming stream
The resultant can be combined to give the magnitude
of the resultant force which the vane exerts on the
fluid, and equal and opposite reaction of the fluid on
the vane.
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle u
=60o from its original direction by a curved vane which
enters tangentially without shock with mean velocity of 30
m/s and leaves with mean velocity of 25 m/s. If the
discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force on the vane if the vane is stationary
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.7 FORCE EXERTED ONAPIPE BENDS
AND CLOSED CONDUITS
MENG308
ESOE
MENG308 Fluid
505221
EGGD3109 FluidMechanics
Fluid
Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50mm in diameter
with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate (a) the force on the plate when it
is stationary, (b) the force on the plate when it moves in the same
direction as the jet with a velocity of 6 m/s, [636.17N, 282.72N]
Q  18  4 0.05  0.0353
2
)a
Fx  Q 0  v1   Qv1
 0.0353 103 18  636.17 N
Fy  0
R   F  636.17 N
)b
Q  18  6  4 0.05  0.0235
2
Fx  Q v1  u 
 0.0235  103  18  6   282.4 N
Fy  0
R   F  282.4 N
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
Fx  Q v2 cos  2  v1 cos 1  FR
Fx  10  103 20 cos 45  10   41.42 KN
Fy  Q v2 sin  2  v1 sin 1 
Fy  10  103 20 sin 45  0   141KN
FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FPx  30 1  29.82  0.5  cos 45  19.46 KN R
FPy  P1 A1 sin 1  P2 A2 sin  2
FPy  0  29.82  0.5  sin 45  10.54 KN
FR  21.962  151.962  153.54KN
FRx  Fx  FPx  41.42  19.46  21.96 KN  151.96 
  tan 1
  81.8

FRy  Fy  FPy  141.0   10.54  151.96 KN  21.96 
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 3
A jet of water strikes a stationary curved vane without shock and is deflected
150° from its original direction. The discharge from the jet is 0.68 kg/s and the
jet velocity is 24 m/s. Assume that there is no reduction of the relative velocity
due to friction and determines the magnitude and direction of reaction on vane.
m  Q  0.68 R
Fx  Q v cos  2  v cos 1 
Fx  0.68 24 cos 30  24   30.45 N
FR
Fy  Q v sin  2  v sin 1 
Fy  0.68 24 sin 30  0   8.16 N
  30
2
F  Fx  Fy 
2
 30.452   8.162  31.52 N v
  8.16 
  tan 1    15
o 
  30.45 
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 4
Design the following thrust block, where the bearing capacity for the Soil = 50 kpa -
Q  3  4 0.25  0.147
2
R
Fx  Q v2 cos  2  v1 cos 1 
Fx  0.147  103 0  3  441.78 N
Fy  Q v2 sin  2  v1 sin 1 
Fy  0.147  103  3  0   441.78 KN
FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FPx  100  0.05  0  5 KN
FPy  P1 A1 sin 1  P2 A2 sin  2
FPy  0  70  0.05  3.5 KN
FRx  Fx  FPx  441.78  5000  5441.78 N

FRy  Fy  FPy  441.78  3500  3941.78 N
MENG308
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 FluidFluid
FluidMechanics
Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 4
Rx  5441.78 N wy
R y  3941.78 N
5441.78
Ax   0 .1 m 2
wx
50  103
3941.78
Ay   0 . 08 m 2
50  103
assume
0.25 m depth
0.1
wx   0.4m
0.25
0.08
wy   0.32  0.4m
0.25
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum

Chapter 05

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 05

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5: Conservation of

Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and

Introduce Euler’s equation of motion along a

Introduce Bernoulli's equation

The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is

Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of a

and that the rate of change of the momentum of a body

We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.

• where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass),

• and b is the corresponding intensive property (B / m ).

• Term b) describes the change observed in a given control volume.

We then applied the Reynolds Transport Theorem to the property of mass (M ).

Different ways of writing the results:

1) Use the law of conservation of momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law).

Notice the similarities to last lecture:

1) Use conservation of mass, dMsys / dt = 0

Definition of (linear) momentum:

1) Both equations are applied to the system.

2) Mass is conserved absolutely (never changes in classical physics);

3) Mass conservation is a scalar equation; Momentum conservation is a

and using Newton’s 2nd Law

This equation states that the sum of the external forces

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 13 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 14 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

The rate of change of momentum across the control

And according the Newton’s second law, this change of momentum

This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction of

These components can be combined to give the

And the angle of this force:

1. F1 =FR = Force exerted in the given direction on the

It is helpful to consider components of the velocity and

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant

FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FRy  Fy  FPy  141.0   10.54  151.96 KN  21.96 

FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FRx  Fx  FPx  441.78  5000  5441.78 N

You might also like