Mom and Energy

Chapter 5: Conservation of
Momentum
OBJECTIVES
Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and

its application
Introduce Euler’s equation of motion along a

streamline
Introduce Bernoulli's equation
MENG308
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EGGD3109 FluidFluid
FluidMechanics
Mechanics
Mechanics 2 Chapter
Chapter3:5:Pressure and Fluid
Conservation Statics
of Momentum
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is

called the linear momentum or just the momentum of the
body.
Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of a

body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is
inversely proportional to its mass,
and that the rate of change of the momentum of a body

is equal to the net force acting on the body.
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EGGD3109 Fluid
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Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 3 Chapter
of Momentum
a) b) c)
Meaning:
• Term a) describes the physical change that takes place for a set of fluid
particles.
• Term b) describes the change observed in a given control volume.
• Term c) describes the difference: For example, if the property B has not
changed for the fluid particles, but B has changed inside the control volume,
then this must be because new fluid particles have entered the cv which
carried a different amount of B with them.
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 4 Chapter
of Momentum
Today, we use the Momentum Principle:
We will do 2 things:
1) Use the law of conservation of momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law).
2) Set B = mv, (where B is the extensive property) and substitute this into
the Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Notice the similarities to last lecture:
3) Use conservation of mass, dMsys / dt = 0

4) Set B = m
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 5 Chapter
of Momentum
Newton’s 2nd Law:
or
Definition of (linear) momentum:
Conservation of momentum:
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 6 Chapter
of Momentum
Reynolds Transport Theorem with B = mv becomes
and using Newton’s 2nd Law
we get
MENG308 FluidFluid
Mechanics 7 Chapter
of Momentum
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
d
F   vdV   vV .dA
dt cv cs
This equation states that the sum of the external forces

acting on the material in the control volume equals the rate
of momentum change inside the control volume (aka
momentum accumulation) plus net rate at which
momentum flows out of the control volume.
If there is no momentum accumulation;
Zero momentum accumulation is
F   vV .dA common for many problems in
cs fluid mechanics
ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 8 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Reynolds Transport Theorem: Simplified form
If the flow crossing the control surface occurs through a number of inlet and
outlet ports, and the velocity v is uniformly distributed (constant) across each
port; then
 
d
F   vdV  cs vo mo  cs vi mi
dt cv
In Cartesian coordinate (x,y,z) system, the component form of the momentum
equation in x-direction:
 
d
Fx   v x dV 
dt cv
 cs
vox mo   cs
vix mi

5.2 MOMENTUM AND FLUID FLOW
The rate of change of momentum across the control

volume:
And according the Newton’s second law, this change of momentum

per unit time will be caused by a force F, Thus:
This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction of

motion.
By Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an equal and opposite
reaction on its surroundings
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 10 Chapter
of Momentum
5.3 EQUATION OF MOMENTUM
Consider the two dimensional system shown:
Since both momentum and force are vector quantities,
they can be resolving into components in the x and y
directions
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
These components can be combined to give the

resultant force:
And the angle of this force:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
This force is made up of three components:
1. F1 =FR = Force exerted in the given direction on the

fluid by any solid body touching the control volume
2. F2 =FB = Force exerted in the given direction on the
fluid by body force (e.g. gravity)
3. F3 =FP = Force exerted in the given direction on the
fluid by fluid pressure outside the control volume
The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body
touching the control volume is equal and opposite to FR
. So the reaction force, R, is given by:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.5 FORCE EXERTED BYA JET STRIKINGA
FLAT PLATE
The general term of the jet velocity component normal
to the plate can be written as:
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50 mm in
diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate:
1. The force on the plate when it is stationary.
2. The force on the plate when it moves in the same
direction as the jet with a velocity of 6m/s
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
A jet of water from a fixed nozzle has a diameter d of 25mm
and strikes a flat plate at angle u of 30o to the normal
to the plate. The velocity of the jet v is 5m/s, and the
surface of the plate can be assumed to be frictionless.
Calculate the force exerted normal to the plate
(a) if the plate is stationary.
(b) if the plate is moving with velocity u of 2m/s in the
same direction as the jet
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OF A JET
BY A CURVED VANE
Both velocity and momentum are vector quantities
Even if the magnitude of the velocity remains
unchanged, a changed in direction of a stream of fluid
will give rise to a change of momentum.
If the stream is deflected by a curved vane (entering
and leaving tangentially without impact). A force will be
exerted between the fluid and the surface of the vane
to cause this change in momentum.
MENG308
ESOE
MENG308 Fluid
505221
EGGD3109 FluidMechanics
Fluid
Mechanics
of Momentum
5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OFA JET
BY A CURVED VANE
It is usually convenient to calculate the components of
this force parallel and perpendicular to the direction of
the incoming stream
The resultant can be combined to give the magnitude
of the resultant force which the vane exerts on the
fluid, and equal and opposite reaction of the fluid on
the vane.
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle u
=60o from its original direction by a curved vane which
enters tangentially without shock with mean velocity of 30
m/s and leaves with mean velocity of 25 m/s. If the
discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force on the vane if the vane is stationary
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
5.7 FORCE EXERTED ONAPIPE BENDS
AND CLOSED CONDUITS
MENG308
ESOE
MENG308 Fluid
505221
EGGD3109 FluidMechanics
Fluid
Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 1
A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50mm in diameter
with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate (a) the force on the plate when it
is stationary, (b) the force on the plate when it moves in the same
direction as the jet with a velocity of 6 m/s, [636.17N, 282.72N]
Q  18  4 0.05  0.0353
2
)a
Fx  Q 0  v1   Qv1
 0.0353 103 18  636.17 N
Fy  0
R   F  636.17 N
)b
Q  18  6  4 0.05  0.0235
2
Fx  Q v1  u 
 0.0235  103  18  6   282.4 N
Fy  0
R   F  282.4 N
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 2
Fx  Q v2 cos  2  v1 cos 1  FR
Fx  10  103 20 cos 45  10   41.42 KN
Fy  Q v2 sin  2  v1 sin 1 
Fy  10  103 20 sin 45  0   141KN
FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FPx  30 1  29.82  0.5  cos 45  19.46 KN R
FPy  P1 A1 sin 1  P2 A2 sin  2
FPy  0  29.82  0.5  sin 45  10.54 KN
FR  21.962  151.962  153.54KN
FRx  Fx  FPx  41.42  19.46  21.96 KN  151.96 
  tan 1
  81.8

FRy  Fy  FPy  141.0   10.54  151.96 KN  21.96 
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 3
A jet of water strikes a stationary curved vane without shock and is deflected
150° from its original direction. The discharge from the jet is 0.68 kg/s and the
jet velocity is 24 m/s. Assume that there is no reduction of the relative velocity
due to friction and determines the magnitude and direction of reaction on vane.
m  Q  0.68 R
Fx  Q v cos  2  v cos 1 
Fx  0.68 24 cos 30  24   30.45 N
FR
Fy  Q v sin  2  v sin 1 
Fy  0.68 24 sin 30  0   8.16 N
  30
2
F  Fx  Fy 
2
 30.452   8.162  31.52 N v
  8.16 
  tan 1    15
o 
  30.45 
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 4
Design the following thrust block, where the bearing capacity for the Soil = 50 kpa -
Q  3  4 0.25  0.147
2
R
Fx  Q v2 cos  2  v1 cos 1 
Fx  0.147  103 0  3  441.78 N
Fy  Q v2 sin  2  v1 sin 1 
Fy  0.147  103  3  0   441.78 KN
FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FPx  100  0.05  0  5 KN
FPy  P1 A1 sin 1  P2 A2 sin  2
FPy  0  70  0.05  3.5 KN
FRx  Fx  FPx  441.78  5000  5441.78 N

FRy  Fy  FPy  441.78  3500  3941.78 N
MENG308
ESOE 505221
EGGD3109 FluidFluid
FluidMechanics
Mechanics
of Momentum
Example 4
Rx  5441.78 N wy
R y  3941.78 N
5441.78
Ax   0 .1 m 2
wx
50  103
3941.78
Ay   0 . 08 m 2
50  103
assume
0.25 m depth
0. 1
wx   0 .4 m
0.25
0.08
wy   0.32  0.4m
0.25
MENG308
EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
of Momentum
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 6
Bernoulli, and Energy Equations
Introduction
This chapter deals with 2 equations

commonly used in fluid mechanics
The Bernoulli equation is concerned with the
conservation of kinetic, potential, and flow
energies of a fluid stream and their
conversion to each other.
The energy equation is a statement of the
conservation of energy principle. (mechanical
energy balance)

The Bernoulli Equation
Without the consideration of any losses, two points on
the same streamline satisfy
P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g
where P/r as flow energy, V2/2 as kinetic energy, and gz
as potential energy, all per unit mass.
The Bernoulli equation can be viewed as an expression
of mechanical energy balance
Was first stated in words by the Swiss mathematician
Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) in a text written in 1738.

Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation
Pressures
The Bernoulli equation
P is the static pressure; it represents the actual

thermodynamic pressure of the fluid. This is the same as the
pressure used in thermodynamics and property tables.
rV 2/2 is the dynamic pressure; it represents the pressure
rise when the fluid in motion.
rgz is the hydrostatic pressure, depends on the reference
level selected.

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy can be defined as the form of energy that
can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly
by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.
Flow P/r, kinetic V2/2, and potential gz energy are the forms of
mechanical energy emech= P/r + V2/2 + gz
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible
flow becomes
P2  P1 V22  V12
emech    g  z2  z1 
 2
In the absence of loses, Demech represents the work supplied to
the fluid (Demech>0) or extracted from the fluid (Demech<0).

Pump and Turbine Efficiencies
In fluid systems, we are usually

interested in increasing the pressure,
velocity, and/or elevation of a fluid.
In these cases, efficiency is better
defined as the ratio of (supplied or
extracted work) vs. rate of increase in
mechanical energy
E mech , fluid
 pump 
W shaft ,in
W shaft ,out
turbine 
E mech , fluid

Pump and Turbine Efficiencies
Overall efficiency must include
motor or generator efficiency.

Mechanical energy balance.

Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation
Pressures
The sum of the static,
dynamic, and hydrostatic
pressures is called the total
pressure (a constant along a
streamline).
The sum of the static and
dynamic pressures is called
the stagnation pressure,
The fluid velocity at that location

can be calculated from

HGL and EGL
It is often convenient to plot mechanical energy
graphically using heights.
P/rg is the pressure head; it represents the height of a

fluid column that produces the static pressure P.
V 2/2g is the velocity head; it represents the elevation
needed for a fluid to reach the velocity V during
frictionless free fall.
z is the elevation head; it represents the potential
energy of the fluid.
H is the total head.
HGL and EGL
Hydraulic Grade Line

(HGL)
P
HGL  z
g
Energy Grade Line
(EGL) (or total head)
P V2
EGL   z
 g 2g

Something to know about HGL and EGL:
 For stationary bodies such as

reservoirs or lakes, the EGL and HGL
coincide with the free surface of the
liquid, since the velocity is zero and the
static pressure (gage) is zero.
 The EGL is always a distance V 2/2g
above the HGL.
 In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow,
EGL is horizontal and its height remains
constant. This would also be the case for
HGL when the flow velocity is constant .
 For open-channel flow, the HGL
coincides with the free surface of the
liquid, and the EGL is a distance V2/2g
above the free surface.

 The mechanical energy loss due to

frictional effects (conversion to thermal
energy) causes the EGL and HGL to
slope downward in the direction of flow.
 A steep jump occurs in EGL and HGL
whenever mechanical energy is added to
the fluid. Likewise, a steep drop occurs
in EGL and HGL whenever mechanical
energy is removed from the fluid.

The pressure (gage) of a fluid is

zero at locations where the HGL
intersects the fluid. The pressure
in a flow section that lies above
the HGL is negative, and the
pressure in a section that lies
below the HGL is positive.

APPLICATIONS OF THE BERNOULLI
EQUATION

EQUATION
EXAMPLE: Spraying
Assumptions: The flow exiting into the air is steady,
Water into the
incompressible, Air
and irrotational (so that the Bernoulli
Waterisisapplicable).
equation flowing from a
The velocity inside the hose is
relatively low (V1 = 0)toand
hose attached we take the hose outlet as the
a water
reference
main atlevel
400(zkPa
1 = 0).gage.
At the A
top of the water trajectory V2
= 0, and places
child atmospheric pressuretopertains.
his thumb
cover most of the hose
outlet, causing a thin jet
of high-speed water to
emerge. If the hose is
held upward, what is the
maximum height that the
jet could achieve?
EQUATION

EQUATION

EQUATION

EQUATION

EXAMPLE: Velocity Measurement by a
Pitot Tube
Solution:
A piezometer and a Pitot
tube are tapped into a
horizontal water pipe to
measure static and
stagnation pressures. For
the indicated water column
heights, determine the
velocity at the center of
the pipe.

Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
The steady-flow energy equation on a unit-mass basis
can be written as
or
If
Also multiplying the equation by the mass flow rate,
then equation becomes

Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
where
In terms of heads, then equation becomes
where

EXAMPLE 4 Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam

EXAMPLE: Hydroelectric Power
Generation from a Dam
In a hydroelectric power
Solution
plant, 100 m3/s of water
flows from an elevation of
120 m to a turbine, where
electric power is
generated. The total
irreversible head loss in
the piping system from
point 1 to point 2
(excluding the turbine
unit) is determined to be
35 m. If the overall
efficiency of the turbine–
generator is 80 percent,
estimate the electric
power output.

EXAMPLE 5 Head and Power Loss During Water Pumping

EXAMPLE: Head and Power Loss During
Water Pumping
Water is pumped from a
Solution
lower reservoir to a higher
reservoir by a pump that
provides 20 kW of useful
mechanical power to the
water. The free surface of
the upper reservoir is 45 m
higher than the surface of
the lower reservoir. If the
flow rate of water is
measured to be 0.03 m3/s,
determine the irreversible
head loss of the system
and the lost mechanical
power during this process.
EXAMPLE 6 Fan Selection for Air Cooling of a Computer


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Chapter 5: Conservation of

Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and

Introduce Euler’s equation of motion along a

Introduce Bernoulli's equation

The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is

Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of a

and that the rate of change of the momentum of a body

• Term b) describes the change observed in a given control volume.

1) Use the law of conservation of momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law).

Notice the similarities to last lecture:

3) Use conservation of mass, dMsys / dt = 0

Definition of (linear) momentum:

and using Newton’s 2nd Law

This equation states that the sum of the external forces

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 8 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 9 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

The rate of change of momentum across the control

And according the Newton’s second law, this change of momentum

This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction of

These components can be combined to give the

And the angle of this force:

1. F1 =FR = Force exerted in the given direction on the

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant

FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FRy  Fy  FPy  141.0   10.54  151.96 KN  21.96 

FPx  P1 A1 cos 1  P2 A2 cos  2

FRx  Fx  FPx  441.78  5000  5441.78 N

This chapter deals with 2 equations

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 30 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 31 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

P is the static pressure; it represents the actual

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 32 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 33 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

In fluid systems, we are usually

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 34 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 35 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 36 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

The fluid velocity at that location

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 37 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

P/rg is the pressure head; it represents the height of a

Hydraulic Grade Line

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 39 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

 For stationary bodies such as

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 40 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

 The mechanical energy loss due to

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 41 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

The pressure (gage) of a fluid is

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 42 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 43 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 45 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 46 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 47 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 48 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 49 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 50 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

In terms of heads, then equation becomes

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 51 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 52 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 53 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 54 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 56 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

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