Kingdom: Fungi and Animalia Invertebrates

Kingdom: Fungi
Examples of fungi include mushrooms, moulds, yeast
and Truffles.

1. Fungi are eukaryotic, they contain very small nuclei. Fungi are
non-vascular, non-motile, unicellular or filamentous organisms.
2. Fungi lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform
photosynthesis(heterotrophic).
3. Fungi store their food in the form of starch.
4. They reproduce by spores have no embryonic stage. Fungi
exhibit the phenomenon of alternation of generation.
5. Some fungi are parasitic.
6. Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to
sexual reproduction in fungi.
The structure of fungi
1. Almost all the fungi have a
filamentous structure except the
yeast cells.
2. Fungi consist of long thread-like
structures known as hyphae.
These hyphae together form a
mesh-like structure called
mycelium.
3. Fungi possess a cell wall which
is made up of chitin and
polysaccharides.
4. The nucleus is dense with
chromatin threads, the nucleus is
surrounded by a nuclear
membrane.
Reproduction in Fungi

1.Vegetative reproduction in fungi

This takes place by budding, fission and fragmentation.
2. Asexual reproduction
This takes place with the help of spores called conidia
or zoospores, or sporangiospores.
3. Sexual reproduction
This occurs by ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.
Uses of Fungi
1. Recycling – They play a major role in recycling the dead and
decayed matter.
2. Food – The mushrooms species are used as food by
humans.
3. Medicines –Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a common
fungus called Penicillium.
4. Biocontrol Agents –Spores of fungi are used as a spray on
crops.
5. Food spoilage – Fungi are responsible for economic losses
of stored food.
 Kingdom: Animal
Invertebrates .1
Animals without a Backbone or Spinal Column:
The famous phyla of Invertebrates are:
1.Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Such as Leucosolenia
• Have no definite shape – asymmetrical
• No tissues or organs
• Colony of specialized cells
• Immobile
• Good powers of regeneration
• Skeleton of spongin and spicules
Barrel sponge
Vase sponge
Tube sponge
 2. Phylum Cnidaria :Coelentrata
(Such as Hydra, Obelia)

• Jellyfishes, corals, anemones

• Two tissue layers with inner mesoglea
• Primitive nerve net but no brain
• 2-way digestive tract
• Stinging cells for capturing food.
 Phylum Cnidaria has been classified into four
Classes:
Class I: Hydrozoa
Class II: Scyphozoa
Class III: Anthozoa
Class IV : Cubozoa
Class I: Hydrozoa: is marine and freshwater, ex. Hydra and
obelia . Only the polyp stage can be identified in Hydra while
Obelia possesses both polyp and the medusa stages.

Class II: Scyphozoa: It is a marine float near the surface of

water ex. Jellyfish

Class III: Anthozoa: Non-moving, solitary, and colonial,

anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development.
ex. sea anemones.

Class IV : Cubozoa: It has tentacles at corners, voracious

predators, and toxins are fatal to humans ex. Box jellyfish.
CLASS HYDROZOA

Hydra
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
Sea anemone
CLASS CUBOZOA