Compression and Torsion

Test
Stress

Strain
 Compression Test
• Compression Behavior of metals is of
interest in metallurgical forming industries.
• Rolling, forging etc involves compressive
deformation of metals.
 Suitability of Test
• Metals which have low rates of strain
hardening. (This leads to early necking)
• For metals that fracture under low stress
in tension.
• Where short specimen is required
• For brittle materials
Disadvantage of Compression Test
• Under compression material behavior is
elastic/plastic.
• Cross- sectional area and work hardening
increases as the height decreases.
• Therefore load requirement exceeds that
available from even the largest equipment.
• Friction causes barreling of the specimen
 Shape and Size of Specimen
• Square or rectangular section is often used.
• Metallic materials circular specimen is always
preferred over other shapes.
• Dimension of metallic specimen ASTM(E-9)
• Type dia (mm) Height (mm)
Short 30 27
Medium 13-30 39-90
Long 20-32 160-320
 Modes of Deformation in
Compression Testing

• Buckling, when L/D > 5.

(b) Shearing, when L/D > 2.5
(C) Double barreling, when L/D>2.0
friction is present at the contact surface.

(d) Barreling, when L/D < 2.0

friction is present at the contact surfaces

e)Homogenous compression, when L/D <2.0

no friction is present at the contact Surfaces

(f) Compressive instability due to work-

softening
 Bauschinger effect
• Work piece is subjected to tension and
then to compression or vice versa. e.g
• Bending and unbending.
• When a material is subjected to tensile
stress up to plastic range and then unload
and apply load in compression.
• The yield stress in compression is lower
than that in tension.
Bauschinger effect
• This effect is also observed when the load
path is reversed i.e. compression followed
by tension.
• This phenomenon is exhibited in varying
degree by all metals and alloys.
• Lowered yield stress in the reverse
direction of load application is also called
strain softening or work softening.
• Modes of Deformation in Compression
Testing
• The figure to the right illustrates the modes of
deformation in compression testing. (a)
Buckling, when L/D > 5. (b) Shearing, when L/D
> 2.5. (c) Double barreling, when L/D > 2.0 and
friction is present at the contact surfaces. (d)
Barreling, when L/D < 2.0 and friction is present
at the contact surfaces. (e) Homogenous
compression, when L/D < 2.0 and no friction is
present at the contact surfaces. (f) Compressive
instability due to work-softening material1
 Torsion testing
• Torsion is the stress associated with
twisting (torque).
• The torsion testing device has two
sockets, one fixed and the other can
rotate.
• The fixed socket is attached to an
instrument which senses torsional moment
and displays this value on a graduated dial
or digital torquemeter.
• Measure of the ability of a material to
withstand a twisting load. It is the
Ultimate Strength of a material subjected
to torsional loading, and is the maximum
torsional stress that a material sustains
before rupture. Alternate terms are
modulus of rupture and shear strength.
 Ultimate Strength

• Highest engineering stress developed in

material before rupture. Normally,
changes in area due to changing load and
Necking are disregarded in determining
ultimate strength.
• Select image to enlarge A torsion test can
be conducted on most materials to
determine the torsional properties of the
material. These properties include but are
not limited to:
• A device for measuring twist angle, which
is called torsiometer, is mounted on the
specimen before it is inserted into the
sockets.The parts of the torsion testing
machine are shown below: