APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN

WATER RESOURCES
Training on Hydrological Modelling for Water Resource Management
Dec 08-11 2021

Rahul Kumar Jaiswal, Scientist-E

rkjaiswal_sagar@yahoo.co.in, jaiswal.nihr@gov.in,
9425655193
Geospatial Tools
• Geospatial technology refers to
all of the technology used to
acquire, manipulate, and store
geographic information.

• It is the combination of remote

sensing, geographic information
systems (GIS) and the global
positioning system (GPS).

• Each technology has a different

end use, all involve connecting
information about the
environment within their
geospatial context.
Why Remote Sensing ?

Basic
s of
Hydr
ology
,
2018
 Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing is the art, science and technology of
observing an object scene, or phenomenon by instrument-
based techniques.

Remote: because observation is done at a distance without

physical contact with the object of interest

Sensing: Detection of energy, such as light or another form of

electromagnetic energy

Measurement from a
distance
Remote Sensing Process

a. Energy Source or Illumination

b. Radiation and the Atmosphere

c. Interaction with the Target

d. Recording of Energy by the

Sensor

e. Transmission, Reception, and

Processing

f. Interpretation and analysis

g. Application
 Physics of Remote Sensing
• Remote Sensing relies on the measurement of
Electromagnetics (EM) energy.

• The most important source of EM energy is the sun.

Some sensors detect energy emitted by the Earth
itself or provide their own energy e.g. Radar
 Physics of Remote Sensing (cont…)
• The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from the shorter
wavelengths (including gamma and x-rays) to the longer
wavelengths (including microwaves and broadcast radio
waves).
• There are several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
which are useful for remote sensing. (visible, Infrared, Thermal
and Microwave)
Physics of Remote Sensing
(cont…)
Physics of Remote Sensing
(cont…)
 Remote Sensing Platforms

Satellite-based

Ground-based
Airplane-based
ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE
SENSING
 IMAGING FROM SPACE
PROVIDES…
• Near real time data: within few hours to
few days
• Temporal Information : 30 minutes to
few days
• Spatial information : 1 Meter to few km.
• Synoptic coverage: 25 km to 800 km. or
more
• Topographic Data
 AVAILABILITY OF RS DATA
• Large type of data sets are available

• Worldview (0.3 m)
• QuickBird (0.65 m)
• IKONOS (1 m)
• LISS IV (5.8 m)
• Sentinel (10 m)
• LISS III (23.5 m)
• Landsat 8 (30 m)
• AWIFS (188 m)
• MODIS (250 m)
• NOAA (1.1 km)
SELECTION OF RS DATA

Global
AVHRR, MODIS,
Regional AWIFS

Sub regional
Landsat, LISS III,
Sentinel, ASTER
Small Area

Local
IKONOS
CARTOSAT
Small ORVIEW
HYPERION
QUICKBIRD
Point
 DIFFERENT RESOLUTION OF RS DATA

• Spatial Resolution

• Temporal Resolution

• Radiometric Resolution

• Spectral Resolution
 DIFFERENT RESOLUTION OF RS DATA

• Spatial Resolution
• Size of each pixel in image
 DIFFERENT RESOLUTION OF RS DATA

• Temporal Resolution
• Time it takes for a satellite to complete an orbit and
revisit the same observation area.

• MODIS sensor aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua

satellites has a temporal resolution of 1-2 days

• TM sensor has a temporal resolution of 16 days

• LISS III sensor has temporal resolution of 24 days

• AWiFS sensor has temporal resolution of 5 days

 DIFFERENT RESOLUTION OF RS DATA
• Spectral Resolution
• Ability of a sensor to discern finer wavelengths, that
is, having more and narrower bands.
• Example LISS 3 has 4 bands, TM has 7 bands
 DIFFERENT RESOLUTION OF RS DATA
• Radiometric Resolution
• Ability of the sensor to distinguish different grey-
scale values
• Example 2 bit mean 22 = 4 sheds,
APPLICATION OF RS DATA

• Understand application
• Selection of data
• Download/Purchase
• Import in GIS
• Processing
• Analysis
• Presentation
 GETTING RS DATA
• Freely available data
• LISS III data on Bhuvan website
• Landsat data on USGS website
• LISS IV data from NRSC, Hyderabad
• Data from ISRO on purchase
• National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad
• Site: http:/nrsc.gov.in
• Select the scenes from browsing facility
• Order the data by paying the amount
• Data will be provided in CD/http link
 LULC preparation from satellite images

Methods:
•Visual Interpretation
•Supervised Classification
•Unsupervised Classification
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE SAR DATA DURING
CLOUD COVER
(DURING AND POST FLOOD EVENT)
 GIS
• Geographic Information System is a
combination of software, hardware and tools to
store, analyse, manipulate and display
geographically referenced (data) to support
decision making process
 Geographical Information System (GIS)

•Spatial form of information system

•Processing and analysing geographic data.

•Data are geographically referenced when they are

registered to an accepted geographical coordinate
system
 Components
GIS consists of 6 components:

Network: internet, communication,

sharing
Hardware: user’s device
Software: web browser, ArcGIS,
Google Earth
Database: structure and organisation
of data
Procedures: maintain quality, function
People: users, developers, etc
 GIS
• Information can be stored
• Vector
• Raster
• Attribute data (Table)
 WHY GIS NEEDED?
• The traditional way of data and records have
following problems:

• Data are poorly maintained

• Maps and statistics are out of date

• Data and information are inaccurate

• Retrieval is not possible

• Data sharing is not possible

• Measurement and changes in diffcult

Life before and after GIS
 COUPLING RS AND GIS

• RS and GIS are complimentary to each other

• Remote sensing data provide unbiased

information of earth on repetitive basis

• GIS provide a facility to handle and manipulate

these data for application in variety of
disciplines
 BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF GIS

• Geospatial data are better maintained in

standard format
• Revision and updating are easier
• Geospatial data are easy to search, analyse
and present
• More vale added product
• Geospatial data can be shared and exchange
freely
• More efficient in manipulation and
measurement
• Saving if time and money
• Better decision can be made
COMBINATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND
GIS
 AVAILABLE SOFTWARE
• Free Software
• QGIS (Quantum GIS)
• GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System)
• SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
• MapWindow
• ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System)
• GeoDa
• OpenJump
• Whitebox GAT (Geospatial Analysis Tool)
• uDig
• Priced Software
• ArcGIS (Esri)
• AuotCAD
• GeoMedia
• MapInfo (Professional)
• Global Mapper
• MapViewer and Surfer
• IDRISI
 WORKING WITH GIS

• Import data/map into GIS

• Georeference the map

• Digitize or classify
• Supervised
• Unsupervised

• Manipulation of data

• Get required information

• Prepare maps for presentation

 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS IN WR
• Reservoir Management • Flood Inundation Mapping &
Damage Assessment
• Site Suitability Analysis
• Hydrological Models
• Geomorphological Parameter
Estimation • Snow/Glacial Studies

• Watershed Delineation • Groundwater Assessment

• Irrigation Engineering • Water Quality

• Decision Support • Geomorphological study

• Web Portal
 Watershed Delineation
• Watershed - land area that
drains water to the outlet
during a rainstorm.
• Boundary of a watershed
consists of the line drawn
across the contours joining
the highest elevations
surrounding the basin.
• A common task in hydrology
is to delineate a watershed
from a topographic map.
 Watershed Delineation
Method 1: Manual Tracing

• Topographic Maps: fundamental source of data for delineating

and studying watersheds

• Time Consuming

• Difficult for large

catchment/watershed
 Watershed Delineation
Method 2: Digitization in GIS

Major steps involved in

delineating a watershed using
GIS are:

• Geo-registering the scanned

topo sheets

• Creating shapefiles

• Manual digitization of
watershed along ridges
 Watershed Delineation
Method 2: Digitization in GIS
One of the advantages of this method is n number of
toposheets can be merge to delineate watershed
 Watershed Delineation
Method 3: Automatic Delineation

• Most advanced
technique

• Intermediate knowledge
of GIS is required

• Larger catchment can

easily be delineated

• Required more
computational time
resources
 Watershed Delineation
Method 3: Automatic Delineation

• Digital Elevation Models

(DEMs) are grids of elevation.

• DEMs store the same type of

information contour lines do, but
with a different data structure.

• Watershed delineation can be

based on DEMs rather than
contour lines.
 REMOTE SENSING & GIS COMPONENT
in HEC HMS & RAS Model
Datasets HEC HMS HEC RAS Source
Land Use Land Identification of SCS Manning’s value Satellite Images
Cover Curve number
Digital Elevation sub-watershed Cross section Satellite based DEM
Model boundaries elevation DGPS, Total station,
LIDAR Survey

Drainage Map Stream Network Geometry Input Satellite Images

Length (River Network, DEM Processing
Crossection,
Bank, etc.)

Soil texture Map hydrologic soil group Digitization in GIS

environment
Inundated Areas Temporal Images Microwave Images
& Cadastral Maps
GIS IN SCS-CN MODEL
infiltration rainfall rainfall
excess
i

II aa PPe -Q
-
t

P is the cumulative rainfall depth

Q is the accumulated runoff depth or cumulative rainfall
excess
Ia is the initial abstraction
Pe is the effective rainfall = (P-Ia)
CURVE NUMBER FOR AVERAGE CONDITION (CNII)

19 Dec 2013
VARIOUS SOIL CLASSES FOR CN ESTIMATION

19 Dec 2013
SOIL GROUPS
A FIELD EXAMPLE: SAJNAM CATCHMENT
 Total catchment Area up to dam site: 965.11 sq km
 Three rain gauge stations: Mahroni, Talbet and Sajnam

RGS Area Thiessen Wt

Mahroni 396.15 0.41
Talbeht 56.2 0.06
Sajnam 517.81 0.53
970.16
A FIELD EXAMPLE
 Sajnam Watershed in Lalitpur district (U.P.)
COMPUTATION OF CN AND CCN

Land use Area

Soil Gr Area
Agriculture (Kharif) 130.21
Agricultur B 360.382
(Kharif+Rabi) 71.92 C 357.787
Agriculture (Rabi) 453.54 D 246.942
Fallow land 14.21 Total 965.111
Built up 0.50
Forest (Deciduous) 40.51
Forest (Evergreen) 8.33
Barren land 6.65
Scrub 221.80
CCN I 70 S1 108
Water bodis 17.44
CCN II 85 S2 44
Total 965.11
CCN III 94 S3 16

 CCN: 85
MONTHLY RUNOFF
 LULC preparation from satellite images

Methods:
•Visual Interpretation
•Supervised Classification
•Unsupervised Classification
 Data Source for DEM Generation
Various methods for collecting DEM data can be grouped as:
OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE SAR DATA DURING
CLOUD COVER
(DURING AND POST FLOOD EVENT)
SELECTION OF SITE FOR WR
PROJECT
 Choosing a suitable site is a crucial phase in reservoir
construction.

 A well selected site will not only give the optimum benefits
but its aesthetic value may also create a recreational area
surrounding the reservoir.

 Conversely, a poorly selected site could cause detrimental

effects.

 In India, now very limited sites are available where dam can
be constructed and hence proper care should be taken to
select suitable site
SITE REQUIREMENT FOR DAM
Element Explanation
1 Slope (Topography) The gentle the slope the better

2 Geology Stronger foundations are preferred

for dam construction
3 Catchment Area The biiger the size, the more water it
can provide
4 Soil type The lower the soil infiltration rate,
the better
5 Land Cover Land cover prone to soil erosion are
less conductive for dam construction

6 Proximity to River Near is better

Centerline

7 Proximity to Roads Near to major road the better

Basics of Hydrology, 2018
SITE SELECTED, DRAINAGE MAP AND
BUFFER ZONE

Basic
s of
Hydr
ology
,
2018
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
 Reservoir sedimentation is a natural process
 Remain invisible for a significant portion of life, but impact
the reservoir operation.
 Periodic assessment of reservoir capacity is essential for
better water management and planning.
 To estimate available live storage capacity for optimum
reservoir operation and rescheduling water releases.
 To assess the sediment deposition pattern in various zones
of storagesTo determine the necessity and intensity of
conservation measures and development of catchment area
treatment

Methods of assessment of revised capacity of a reservoir

1. Conventional Methods
2. Remote Sensing & GIS method
CONVENTIONAL V/S REMOTE SENSING
METHOD
Conventional Method
Time consuming
Costly and cumbersome
Required more man power
Subjected to more human error
Can not be done more often
Risky
Detail profile can be obtained
Knowledge of survey is required
Remote Sensing Method
Less time required
Economical and easy
Required less man power
Unbiased and real time data
availability
Can be done frequently
Not risky
Detail profile is not possible
Knowledge of remote sensing and
GIS software are necessary
PRINCIPLE
 The basic principal of revised capacity estimation using remote sensing and
GIS is that when the sedimentation occurred in a reservoir its water spread
reduced with respect to its original area before impoundment.
 The revised water spread areas at different elevations can be obtained by
digital image analysis of multi-date remote sensing data
 The revised water spread areas at different levels are used to compute
revised volume between these levels

Original

Revised

Original bed

River Bed after

sediment deposit
IDENTIFICATION OF WATER PIXELS
 Normalized deviation water index (NDWI) , Normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI), Band ratio (BR) have been used

 GREEN  NIR 
NDWI   
 GREEN  NIR  GREEN – BAND II of IRS LISS III Data
 RED  NIR 
….1
RED – BAND III OF IRS LISS III Data
NDVI   NIR – BAND IV IRS OF LISS III Data
 RED  NIR 
GREEN
….2

BR 
 NIR has been used to identify water pixel from rest of
Slicing operation
images
 Revised water spreads have been estimated with the help of
histogram
 This analysis has been carried out on all selected data for all
reservoirs.
ESTIMATION OF REVISED VOLUME

 The revised volume between the levels have been

estimated using cone formula
h

V  A1  A2  A1 A2
3

 The revised cumulative capacities have been obtained by
adding the revised volumes between consecutive
intervals
 Original cumulative capacity curve/table has been used
for comparison
LOCATION MAP OF STUDY AREA

Tandula

Ravishankar Sagar

Maramsilli

Dudhawa
RAVISHANKAR SAGAR REASERVOIR
 The Raviashankar Sagar reservoir situated on river Mahanadi
near Dhamtari at 20°37’ N latitude and 81° 34’ E longitude
 gross storage and live storage capacity of as 909.32 Mm 3 and
766.32 Mm3 respectively
 The Dead Storage Level (D.S.L.) and the Full Supply Level
(F.S.L.) of the Ravishankar Sagar reservoir are 336.21 m and
348.70 m respectively.
 RAVISHANKAR SAGAR RESERVOIR

Date of pass Reservoir Satellite Path/Row

satellite level (meter) sensor
14-May-15 338.83 LISS-III 097/053
02-May-15 340.00 LISS-III 097/053
20-Apr-15 341.62 LISS-III 097/053
25-Apr-14 343.35 LISS-III 097/053
15-Mar-15 344.81 LISS-III 097/053
19-Feb-15 346.10 LISS-III 097/053
20-Mar-14 347.06 LISS-III 097/053
28-Sep-14 348.36 LISS-III 097/053
RAVISHANKAR SAGAR: NDWI AND WATER
SPREAD

Date 14 May 2015 level 338.83 m

Date 28 Sep 2014 level 348.36 m

 RAVISHANKAR SAGAR: REVISED
CAPACITY

Date of Pass Reservoir Loss in

Original Capacity Revised Capacity
Elevation Cum.
(M cu. m) (M cu. m) % Loss in
(meter) Capacity
Cumulative
Cumulative Cumulative Capacity
Volume Volume (M cu.m)
Capacity Capacity

River bed 323.50 0.000 0.000

Revised
331.68 37.783 37.783 0.000 0.000 37.783 100.00
Bed*
DSL 336.21 105.217 143.000 104.804 104.804 38.196 26.71
14-05-15 338.83 95.740 238.740 86.323 191.127 47.613 19.94
02-05-15 340.00 58.200 296.940 49.519 240.646 56.294 18.96
20-04-15 341.62 81.360 378.300 77.822 318.468 59.832 15.82
25-04-14 343.35 107.120 485.420 101.046 419.514 65.906 13.58
15-03-15 344.81 97.140 582.560 99.608 519.123 63.437 10.89
19-02-15 346.10 101.780 684.340 99.978 619.101 65.239 9.53
20-03-14 347.06 76.870 761.210 78.821 697.922 63.288 8.31
28-09-14 348.36 117.210 878.420 111.740 809.662 68.758 7.83
FSL * 348.70 30.900 909.320 30.550 840.212 69.108 7.60
RAVISHANKAR SAGAR RESERVOIR:
REVISED CAPACITY
 CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY (2015)
 Ravishankar Sagar reservoir has lost nearly 69.1MCM capacity due
to sediment which is 7.60 % of its total capacity from 1979 to 2015.
 The per year sediment rate may be about 1.9 MCM/year
 The Maramsilli reservoir lost 29.9 MCM with 18.3 % of gross
capacity during 1923 to 2015.
 The rate of sediment deposition per may be is 0.31MCM per year.
 The capacity loss in Dudhawa reservoir may be about19.3 MCM
with 6.79 % of gross storage from 1964 to 2015.
 The rate of deposition may be 0.4 MCM per year.
 Total 24.8 MCM storage of 308.6 MCM of gross storage has been
lost due to sedimentation in Tandula reservoir
 Tandula reservoir has lost more than 8% of gross storage has been
lost till 2015 @ 0.3 MCM/year
NIH REGIONAL CENTRE CARRIED OUT STUDY
ON
 Madhya Pradesh
 Bila reservoir
 Benisagar reservoir
 Tawa reservoir
 Chhattisgarh
 Ravishankar Sagar,
 Tandula reservoir
 Maramsilli reservoir
 Dudhawa reservoir
 Gondli reservoir
 Kharkhara reservoir
 Sondur reservoir
 Matiamoti reservoir
 Mongra reservoir
 Paralkot
 Gujarat
 Shetruni reservoir
 Rajaval reservoir
 Kharo reservoir
 APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN SOIL
LOSS ESTIMATION
The universal soil loss equation (USLE)
is a simple spatially distributed model
and needs limited data for estimation of
valuable results (Wisehmeier & Smith
1978). The soil erosion model by
RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation) is considered as the modified
form of the USLE (Renard et al. 1991).
USLE or RUSLE is expressed as:

A=R*K*LS*C*P Conceptual frame work of soil loss

analysis by USLE/RUSLE model
 DATA SET REQUIRED
Sl
N parameter Data Open Source
o
1. R Factor Rainfall CHIRPS Data Set/rainfall data
Soil OpenLandMap Soil texture class
F Factor
type (USDA system)
2. LS Factor DEM SRTM Data

3. C Factor Crop Sentinel Data

Land
4. P Factor use and Sentinel and SRTM Data
Slope
USE OF RS & GIS IN GW POTENTIAL ZONING
 For groundwater development
 Reduce of cost for groundwater exploration

 Similar methodology can be used identification of

groundwater recharge potential zones
 Depend on several factor
 Slope
 Geology
 Geomorphology
 Soil
 Drainage
 Lineament
 Land use
USE OF RS AND GIS FOR DAM BREAK
 The DEM and land use are the input for hydrodynamic
model HEC RAS/MIKE11
 The grid is created from DEM

 The land use give the spatial Manning’s N

 Used to determine flood inundation mapping

THANK YOU