HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Reynaldo D. Dadulla
Teacher III
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
It is a decision - making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a
sample purportedly coming from the
population.
The decision is whether the
characteristic is acceptable or not.
 TWO TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS - denoted
by Ho, is a statement that there
is no difference between the
parameter and a specific
value, or that there is no
difference between two
parameters.
 TWO TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS -
denoted by Ha, is a statement that
there is a difference between the
parameter and a specific value, or
that there is a difference between
two parameters.
 EXAMPLE 1: BOTTLED
FRUIT JUICE CONTENT
The owner of a factory that
sells a particular fruit juice
claims that the average capacity
of a bottle of their product is 250
ml. Formulate the null &
alternative hypotheses.
 EXAMPLE 1: BOTTLED
FRUIT JUICE CONTENT
Ho : The bottled drinks contain 250 ml
per bottle.
Ho: μ = 250
Ha: The bottled drinks do not contain
250 ml per bottle.
Ha: μ ≠ 250
 NOTE:
When the alternative
hypothesis utilizes the ≠
symbol, the test is said to
be NON-DIRECTIONAL
( two-tailed).
 NOTE:
When the alternative
hypothesis utilizes the > or the <
symbol, the test is said to
be DIRECTIONAL ( one-
tailed, left tail ).
 NOTE:
Words like greater,
efficient, improves,
effective, increases
suggest a RIGHT-TAILED
DIRECTION.
 NOTE:
Words like decreases,
less than, smaller,
suggest a LEFT-TAILED
DIRECTION.
 EXAMPLE 2: MUSIC &
STUDIES
A teacher wants to know if listening
to a popular music affects the
performance of pupils. A class of 50
grade 1 pupils was used in the
experiment. The mean score was 83 and
the standard deviation is 5. A previous
study revealed that μ = 82 & the δ = 10.
 EXAMPLE 2: MUSIC &
STUDIES
1. State the null and alternative
hypotheses in words and in
symbols.

2. State whether the test is

directional or non-directional.
 ANSWER:
1. Ho: The sample comes from a
population whose mean, μ = 82
In symbol: Ho: μ = 82
Ha: The sample does not come
from a population mean, μ = 82.
In symbol: Ha: μ ≠ 82
 ANSWER:
2. There is no clue as to the
direction of the investigation. The
phrase affects performance
implies either an increase or a
decrease in performance. So, the
test is NON-DIRECTIONAL.
 ACTIVITY:
1. A company which makes battery-
operated toy cars, claims that its
products have a mean life span of 5
years with SD of 2 years. A random
sample of 40 toy cars was teste &
found to have a mean life span of only
3 years.
 BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-
BASED LEARNING
 Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic
skills
 Improves student learning abilities
 Widens learner's vocabulary
 Facilitates problem-solving acts
 Increases social awareness & cultural
knowledge
 BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-
BASED LEARNING
 Encourages cooperative learning
 Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
 Encourages higher-order thinking
strategies
 Hastens conceptual understanding
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

“ A formal, systematic, rigorous and intensive

process used for solutions to or discover and
interpret new facts and trends in any field of
profession.”
(Waltz & Bausell, 2001)
“ A scientific study or investigation that is
pursued to discover theories and concepts
based on new facts and information and its
practical application”
 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
“ A systematic collection and analysis of
data to illuminate, describe or explain new
facts & relationships. In its broadest sense,
it is an attempt to find solutions to the
problems.”
“ It refers to a problem solving process that
utilizes scientific discovery & develops
ideas and theories that give meaningful
answers to complex questions about
human beings & their environment.”
 REASONS FOR CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
1. Gathers data or information on situations
or conditions about which little knowledge
is available.
2. Provides scientific knowledge base from
which theories emerge and develop.
3. Helps, correct, clarify and validate
perceptions & expand these.
4. Provides theoretical & scientific basis in
any field of expertise.
 REASONS FOR CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
5. Defines parameters and identifies its
boundaries.
6. Documents the social relevance and
efficacy to people.
7. Describes the characteristics of the
situation about which little knowledge is
known.
8. Predicts probable outcomes of any
decision in a given situation.
 REASONS FOR CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
9. Provides knowledge for purposes of
problem solving and decision making.
10. Develops and evaluates theories and
concepts, and practices for clarity and
validity of actions.
11. Develops a considerable degree of
confidence.
 GENERAL & SPECIFIC
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
GENERALLY, research answers questions
to solve problems, and provide tools for
observation in order to generate
knowledge as basis for predicting and
controlling the phenomenon.
SPECIFICALLY, it aims to do the following
tasks:
1. description 3. explanation
2. exploration 4. prediction &
control
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH

 ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC

a. identifying the problem
b. determining the purpose of the study
c. review of related literature
d. theoretical/conceptual framework
e. study assumptions
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH

f. acknowledging limitations of the study

g. formulating hypotheses
h. defining study variables
i. choice of research design
j. identifying the target population
 CONTROL
 EMPIRICISM
 GENERALIZATION
 CRITERIA FOR CHOICE
OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
 Significance of the Problem
 Problem Researchability

 Feasibility of the Problem

a. time e. group support

b. availability of subjects f. experience of the
c. research resources researcher
d.fiscal resources g. ethical
consideration

 ETHICCAL PRINCIPLES &
GUIDELINES FOR
RESEARCHERS
 Informed consent
 Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

a. Freedom from any physical & psychological harm

b. Freedom from exploitation
 Respect for Human Dignity

a. The right to self-determination c. Anonymity &

b. The right to full disclosure confidentiality
 Justice and Fairness
 GUIDEPOSTS IN DETERMINING
THE RESEARCHABILITY OF A
PROBLEM
 There are no available answers to explain the
existing gap in knowledge
 Available solutions are not known or are untested
 Possible results, answers or solutions are
seemingly or factually contradictory
 There are several possible & plausible
explanations for the existence of an undesirable
condition
 A phenomeon exists which requires clarification
and/or explanation
 SOURCES OF PROBLEMS

 Fields of Specialization
 Instructional Program

 Reading Program

 Organizational Structure

 New Technologies

 Conflicting Ideas and Ideals

 SOURCES OF PROBLEMS

 Journals, books, theses or dissertations and

mass media
 Problem situations and Issues

 Suggestions from expert and authorities

 GROUP ACTIVITY
From the 3 TOPICS that you had submitted, choose 1 topic that
arises your curiosity to investigate or conduct a research
investigation. Narrow down your GENERAL TOPIC into
specific one.
On the INTERNET, search atleast 5 RELATED STUDIES or
THESIS ABSTRACTS which are RELATED TO YOUR
SPECIFIC TOPIC.
Be sure to IDENTIFY the SPECIFIC PROBLEMS, the
RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN used, the FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY.
THANK YOU!!!

HAPPY WORKING!!!

-Sir Dadz-