ECONOMIC MATH

"Set Operations and Mathematical

Rules in Operating Sets"
GROUP 2
 MEMBER OF GROUP 2
BAYU SURYA SAPUTRA

DEVI YUNITA SARI A1I121045

A1I121049
ANISA SUSIA HASRI
A1I121040
MUSLIMIN
A1I121062 DAHLIAH
A1I121048
ARJUN PRATAMA
A1I121041

CANDRA WIJAYA KUSUMA

NURHAKIKI SRIREZEKI A1I121046

A1I122063
 01
Definition of
set
operations
 WHAT IS A SET?
● Set operations refer to a variety of mathematical
actions or procedures that can be applied to sets.
● A set is a collection of objects or elements considered
as a single mathematical entity.
● If we know two sets or more, we can create a new set
by performing operations on these known sets.
● Operations on sets are combinations (), slice (),
difference (-), add (+), and complement (c).
02
Operations on Sets
1. Joint of Operation
2. Incision Operation

3. Set Difference

4. Add Operation

5. Complement
1. Joint of Operation
• Joint operations, represented by the union ( ∪) of sets A
and B, create a new set containing members of both sets
A and B.
• The union of sets A and B is denoted as A ∪ B, and it is
defined as {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.

Example :
The set is known as follows!
A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {1,3,5,7,9}
Determine the combination of these two sets?
Answer:
The combination of sets A and B with different members is
written all and the same is written only once, then }
 2. Incision Operation (Intersection)
• The Intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is a set comprising all objects that are
members of both sets A and B.
• Mathematically, its representation is A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
• The intersection is a crucial concept in set analysis, providing insights into elements shared or
common between two sets.

Example :

=
=
From sets A and B, there are set members from both sets that are the same. So the same
members of sets A and B are called slices.
So
3. Set Difference
• The set difference between sets A and B is a set whose members are all elements of A but not members of
B.
• The set difference A - B or A\B is denoted as follows:
A - B = {x | x ∈ A, x ∉ B}
B - A = {x | x ∈ B, x ∉ A}
• The new set A - B contains all members of A that are not in B (A - B Set Difference)
• The new set B - A includes all members of B that are not in A. (B – A set difference)
• For any sets A, B, and C, the following holds:
• The difference between set A and the intersection of sets B and C is equal to the intersection
of the difference between A and B with the difference between A and C.
• This property is known as the distributive property of set difference over intersection.
• Similarly, for any sets A, B, and C:
• The difference between set A and the union of sets B and C is equal to the intersection of the
difference between A and B with the difference between A and C.
• Similar to the previous case, this property is also referred to as the distributive property of
set difference over union.
 Example
Is known
A = (set of natural numbers less than 10)
B = (set of prime numbers less than 15)
Asked
Find the members of the set A – B and set B – A!
Answer
A= (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) , B = (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13)
a. A – B = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 ) –(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13)
= (1, 4, 6, 8, 9)
b. B – A =(2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13)– (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 )
= (11, 13)
So, it can be seen that the members of A -B are (1, 4, 6, 8, 9) and the members of
B - A are (11, 13)
02
Operations on Sets
1. Joint of Operation
2. Incision Operation

3. Set Difference

4. Add Operation

5. Complement
4. Add Operation
a. Operation Definition Add to a set

𝐴+ 𝐵= { 𝑥| 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∉ ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) , 𝑥 ∈𝑆 }
the sum of sets A and B is a set whose members are included in each set but
are not members of set AB (its intersection).

b. Properties of the Add Operation on a set

• The Nature of Closedness. Definition: Let H = {A,B,C,…} = {set} For each A and B
members of H then A + B members of H.
• Commutative property If there are two sets A and B then A + B = B+ A
• Associative properties If there are three sets A, B and C then
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = (A + C) + B.
• 4The Nature of Identity. Definition: If A is a non-empty set, so that A + I = I + A = A
then I is called the identity of the addition operation on the set. In this case, the identity
of the addition operation on the set is the empty set.
Problems example:
Is known
A = { a, 1, b, 2, c, 3}
B = { x, 4, y, 5, z, 6}
Define A + B !
Answer :
AB = { a, b, c, x, y, z, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
AB = { }
Then A + B = { a, b, c, x, y, z, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
02
Operations on Sets
1. Joint of Operation
2. Incision Operation

3. Set Difference

4. Add Operation

5. Complement
 5. Complement
• If S is the universal set and A is a set contained within S, then the complement of A is
defined as the set of elements in S that are not members of A.
• The complement of set A is denoted as atau A’
• Mathematically expressed as:
• Serves within the context where S is the universal set, and A is a subset of S.
• The complement of A includes all elements from the universal set S that are not present in set
A.

• In the Venn diagram, the universal set S is depicted as a

rectangular shape, while the set A is represented by a
circle inside the rectangle.
• The complement set or can be formulated as the set of
all elements in the universal set S that do not belong to
set A. Mathematically, it can be expressed as or
The properties of complement operations in sets.
Example 1:

Is known :

S = {x | x is a Mathematics Education student at Halu Oleo University}

L = {x | x is a male Mathematics Education student at Halu Oleo University}

Then, = {x | x is a female Mathematics Education student at Halu Oleo

University}
03
Mathematical Rules
in the Operation of
Sets
1. Idempotent Rule. This rule states that certain operations will not change the same member
elements. For example, A∪A = A and A ∩ A = A.
2. Associative Rule. This rule states that the order of operations will not affect the results. For
example, (A∪B)∪C = A∪(B∪C) and (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C).
3. Commutative Rule. This rule states that the order of operations will not affect the results. For
example, A∪B = B∪A and A ∩ B = B ∩ A.
4. Distributive Rule. This rule states that a particular operation can be divided into two or more
parts. For example, A∪(B ∩ C) = (A∪B) ∩ (A∪C) and A ∩ (B ∪C) = (A ∩ B) ∪(A ∩ C).
5. De Morgan's Rule. This rule states that the operation can be reversed. For example, (A ∪B) =
A ∩ B and (A ∩ B) = A∪B.
6. Identity Rules. This rule states that there are member elements that cannot be divided further.
For example, A∪Ø = A and A ∩ Ø = Ø, where Ø is the empty set.
7. Completeness Rule. This rule states that there are member elements that can be further
divided. For example, A∪A = U and A ∩ A = Ø, where U is the set of all existing members
04

Application of the
Set in Economics
1. Quantity Analysis of Goods: In
economics, goods are often classified 2. Portfolio Theory: In investing, the set
into sets based on certain characteristics concept is used to model an investment
such as type, quality, or price. For portfolio. Investors can select a group of
example, a set of consumer goods can be financial assets (stocks, bonds, etc.) and form
divided into luxury goods and basic a portfolio based on that set, with the aim of
goods. achieving an acceptable level of risk with an
. optimal rate of return.

3. Risk Analysis and Decision Making: The set is also

used in risk analysis and decision making in
economics. Risks can be grouped into different sets,
such as systemic risk and company-specific risk, and
then analyzed to understand the economic
implications and appropriate decision-making
strategies
4. Game Theory: In game theory, sets are used to model
the set of strategies that might be adopted by the players
in a game. Analysis of this set can help in predicting the
outcome of interactions between players and developing
optimal strategies.

5. Supply Chain Analysis: In supply chain management,

the concept of set is used to group items that often move
together through the supply chain, thus enabling
companies to manage inventory, production, and
distribution more efficiently.
6. Market and Consumer Segment Analysis: Sets are used to group
consumers into different segments based on certain characteristics such as
preferences, shopping behavior, or demographics. It helps companies in
adjusting their marketing and sales strategies to meet the needs of each
segment.
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