Sustainable Construction

Energy and atmosphere (ea)

Leed new construction, v4
Energy and Atmosphere
• Prerequisite: Fundamental Commissisioning & Verification
• Prerequisite: Minimum Energy Performance
• Prerequisite: Building-Level Energy Metering
• Prerequisite: Fundamental Refrigerant Management
• Credit : Enhanced Commissioning
• Credit : Optimize Energy Performance
• Credit : Advanced Energy Metering
• Credit : Demand Response
• Credit : Renewable Energy Production
• Credit : Enhanced Refrigerant Management
• Credit : Green Power and Carbon Offsets
• ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2014 in effect
ENERGY DEMAND

MAXIMIZE THERMAL PERFORMANCE

 ARCHITECTURAL ENVELOPE
 BUILDING ORIENTATION
 INCREASE THERMAL RESISTANCE

MINIMIZE INTERNAL LOADS

 PLUG LOAD CONTROLS
 UPSIZED ELEC. WIRING
 EFFICIENT / PASSIVE LIGHTING SOURCES
 OPTIMIZED UTILIZATION OF MOTOR LOADS
ENERGY DEMAND

REDUCE HVAC LOADS

 UTILIZE INNOVATIVE HVAC DESIGN APPROACHES
 FOCUS ON PART LOAD EFFICIENCY
 CAPTURE / REUSE WASTED ENERGY

INTELLIGENT BUILDING DESIGN

 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM INTEGRATION
 BUILDING DYNAMIC RESPONSE
 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
 OCCUPANT PARTICIPATION
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM:

 LOCAL CLIMATE
 LIFE EXPECTANCY OF BUILDING / SPACE UTILIZATION
 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM BASED ON BUILDING USE / OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE

ARCHITECTURAL ENVELOPE:

 OPTIMIZE USE OF PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN CONCEPTS.

 BUILDING ASPECT RATIO (LONG AXIS ORIENTED E-W FOR SOUTHERN CLIMATES)
 BUILDING MASSING : ENERGY STORAGE POTENTIAL (MATERIALS, FENESTRATIONS)
 BUILDING ENVELOPE : THERMAL INSULATION / AIR LEAKAGE / FENESTRATIONS
 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES : LIGHT SHELVES, LOUVERS, SKYLIGHTS, ETC.
 PASSIVE VENTILATION CONCEPTS (WIND PATTERNS, VENT. MEASURES)
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM CONSIDERATIONS

Conceptual diagram:
Lechner; 2001, p.442)
PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS
Passive solar systems are different from thermal systems:

• In passive systems heat is moved through natural convection

(buoyancy)

• Induced heat flow

• In thermal systems mechanical aid used (fans, heat pumps etc)

Efficiency of the passive solar system come from rules of

thermo-dynamics

• Solar energy utilized immediately

• Solar energy can be stored in thermal mass of the building
PASSIVE SOLAR-design strategies
Address the following:

• Utilize natural ventilation transport system (for

heating in winter and cooling in summer)

• Integrates envelope devices with technologies

like solar panels, photo voltaic shingles etc

• Solar radiation for day lighting as much as

possible

• Integrates passive solar systems with active

heating/ cooling systems
THERMAL COMFORT-psychometric
chart

Comfort Zones:
(Lechner; 2001, p.61)
THERMAL COMFORT-psychometric
chart

Comfort Zones:
(Lechner; 2001, p.61)
THERMAL COMFORT-psychometric chart

Ventilation effect on comfort:

(Lechner; 2001, p.63)
ENERGY TRANSPORT FOR
BUILDING CONDITIONING
METHODS OF CONVEYING ENERGY:

AIR - DUCT WORK

WATER – HYDRONIC WATER PIPING

REFRIGERANTS – HIGHEST CONVEYANCE CAPACITY

.
Air Horse Power vs Water Horse Power
HVAC SYSTEM TYPES
UNITARY SYSTEMS
• PACKAGED TERMINAL UNITS (PTAC)
• SPLIT DX TYPE SYSTEMS
• ROOFTOP PACKAGE DX SYSTEMS
• VRF (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW) DX SYSTEMS

CENTRALIZED PLANT BASED HYDRONIC SYSTEMS

• AIR COOLED CHILLERS COUPLED WITH HYDRONIC FAN COILS
• WATER COOLED CHILLERS COUPLED WITH COOLING TOWERS & HYDRONIC FAN COILS
• CHILLED BEAM SYSTEMS
• CONDENSER WATER SYSTEMS COUPLED WITH COOLING TOWER AND HEAT PUMP TYPE AIR
HANDLING UNITS
(CLOSED LOOP VS OPEN LOOP TYPE).
• GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS COUPLED WITH CIRCULATING PUMPS AND HEAT PUMP TYPE AIR HANDLING
UNITS.
HVAC SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
UNITARY SYSTEMS
PACKAGED TERMINAL UNITS
UNITARY SYSTEMS
SPLIT – DX HVAC SYSTEMS
ROOFTOP PACKAGED SYSTEMS
VRV/VRF EXAMPLE
Chilled Ceilings and Beams
The European Experience - Mid 1990’s
1980 1990 Mid 1990’s 2000 2005

Chilled Ceilings
Passive Chilled Beams

Active Chilled Beams

• Increased comfort
• Adequate perimeter cooling
• Address ventilation needs
Passive Chilled Beams –
Principle of Operation

Natural
Passive Chilled Beams –
Principle of Operation
Passive Chilled Beams
• Higher Cooling Capacities
• Add larger natural convection component
to cooling
• 120 to 150 btu/sq. ft
• Minimal space requirements
• Units suspended below ceiling
or recessed
• Perforated panels typically installed
under recessed passive beams to
more evenly distribute air
• Less ceiling area required for installation
• Require 20% to 40% ceiling area
Passive Chilled Beam Installations
Active Chilled Beams –
Principle of Operation

Venturi Nozzles
(Induction Device)
Active Chilled Beams –
Principle of Operation
Active Chilled Beams
• High Cooling Capacities
• Add forced (induction) convection
component to cooling
• 400 to 750 btu/sq. ft including
ventilation air contribution
• Provide ventilation, cooling and
heating in one unit
• Lower installation cost
• Typically installed in lay-in ceiling
• Increased comfort and lower noise levels
• Less air distributed in space
Active Chilled Beams
Active Chilled Beam Installations
Conventional Radiant/Chilled
Beam
Chilled Beam
(Typical)

Primary
Pump
58F 62F
High Temperature
Chiller (4F DT)
HYDRONIC SYSTEMS
WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP UNIT
GEOTHERMAL COOLING / HEATING
GEOTHERMAL LOOPS
HEAT PUMP AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS
 HYDRONICS
40% MORE EFFICIENT AND
40% COMFORTABLE THAN
VAV OR VRF SYSTEMS
Distribution/Pumping Energy
•Hydronic systems 15 times more efficient than refrigerant systems
•Hydronic systems 10 times more efficient than air systems
Distribution/Pumping Energy
Hydronic
Air (Low Pressure VVT)
Air (Medium Pressure VAV)
Refrigerant (VRF)

35.0%
Compressor Horsepower

30.0%

25.0%
Percent of

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%
0 100 200 300 400 500

Pipe/Duct Length
Construction Costs
Reduced height

Floor heights reduced

10”-14”

Overall height reduced

by 6’
HVAC System First Costs
HVAC SYSTEMS INSTALLED COSTS

LOADMATCH® HYDRONIC S YS TEM AIR S YS TEM

HYDRONIC S YS TEM CHILLED WATER DX COOLING
CHILLED WATER COOLING
COOLING

INSTALLED COST

INTEGRATED PIPING
INTEGRATED PIPING

MULTI-ZONE VVT

SPLIT SYSTEM
SINGLE ZONE
HEAT PUMP
HEAT PUMP

HEAT PUMP
FAN COIL

FAN COIL

ROOFTOP
FAN COIL

ROOFTOP
PTAC

VAV
VAV

VAV
CO STS BASED O N SUM O F MECHANICAL SYSTEM CO STS AND ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM CO STS ASSO CIATED WITH MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
HVAC System Energy Costs
HVAC SYSTEMS ENERGY COSTS

SINGLE PIPE HYDRONIC SYSTEM AIR SYSTEM

HYDRONIC SYSTEM CHILLED WATER DX COOLING
CHILLED WATER COOLING
COOLING

ENERGY COST

MULTI-ZONE VVT

SPLIT SYSTEM
SINGLE ZONE
HEAT PUMP

HEAT PUMP

FAN COIL

ROOFTOP

ROOFTOP
FAN COIL

PTAC

VAV
VAV
VAV

COSTS BASED ON AVERAGE UTILITY RATES FROM APPA

AND AGA AND AVERAGE US CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
HVAC System Life Cycle (Sustainable) Costs
HVAC SYSTEMS LIFE CYCLE COSTS

LOADMATCH® HYDRONIC S YS TEM AIR S YS TEM

HYDRONIC S YS TEM CHILLED WATER DX COOLING
CHILLED WATER COOLING
COOLING

ENERGY COST

INTEGRATED PIPING
INTEGRATED PIPING

MULTI-ZONE VVT

SPLIT SYSTEM
SINGLE ZONE
HEAT PUMP

HEAT PUMP
HEAT PUMP

FAN COIL

ROOFTOP
FAN COIL

FAN COIL

ROOFTOP
PTAC
VAV
VAV

VAV
CO STS BASED O N 20 YEAR LIFE CYCLE, 8% RATE O F RETURN, 4% INFLATIO N RATE, AND
HVAC CO NSTRUCTIO N AND MAINTENANCE CO ST SURVEY O F MAINTENANCE CO STS
HYDRONICS IS
SAFE
AND
SUSTAINABLE
 HYDRONICS IS
THE MOST EFFICIENT AND
COMFORTABLE HVAC SYSTEM
EVER DEVELOPED
 Energy & Atmosphere
Literature Review / Presentation Topics

• Architectural Design & Overall Energy Performance

• Energy efficiency based on focus on Systems
• Renewable Energy
• Processed / Reclaimed Energy
• Enhanced Refrigerant Management and Commissioning in Building