TOPIC

INDIAN DISTRIBUTION AND

CHARACTERS OF METALLIC ORE
DEPOSIT GOLD AND NON MATALLIC
GEMSTONES
GOLD DEPOSITS IN INDIA OR ITS CHARACTERS

 Gold is a Transitional metal.

 Meaning show multiple oxidation state
 Purest form reddish yellow color, soft, ductile
metal
 Melting point- 1,064°C

 Boiling point – 2700°C

 Types of gold deposits

1. Placer ore gold deposits (placer mining)

mineral extract from sedimentary or
alluvial deposit
2. Primary ore (underground mining)
3. Oxidized ore (open pit mining)
4. Mineralized gold deposits
5. Epithermal gold deposits
 Placer gold deposit- formed through weathering and erosion of
primary gold deposit
 Placer gold deposit found in riverbed and floodplain whre gold
particle accumulate to their high density
 Sonbhadra distt in up known for its placer gold deposit.

 Primary gold deposit- formed By hydrothrmal process.

 Gold rich fluid transported deposited in fracture fault and veins
within earth crust
 Assosiated with greenstone belts schist belt
 Ex- hutti, kolar gold field(karnataka)

 Oxidized gold deposit- gold assosiated with oxidized mineral

 Ex singbhum copper belt
Mineralized zone ore deposit- gold assosated
with other mineral or host rock
Gold found in qtz veins or sulphde mineral
(pyrite and chalcopyritr)
ex-hutti gold mine

Epithermal gold ore deposits- formed Shallow

depth and lower tempreature compare to
other type of gold deposit
Always associate with volcanic activity
 Gold distribution in india
 Eastern block of dharwar craton (kolar, hutti, ramagiri)
 Western block of dc
 India is second largest consumer of gold after china
 karnataka-largest producer of gold
 Kolar, hutti gold field, dharwad
 Rajasthan – Deposits in khetri belt, pur banera
 UP- sonbhadra distt (gold deposits in form of alluvial and qtz
vein deposit)
 Andhrapradesh-chittor and anantapurdistt
 jharkhand-singhbhum(minor gold deposit)
 bihar-rohtas and jamui distt(minor gold deposit)
 kerala- wayanad (placer and primary)
Gold uses and Environment impact

 Jewelery (unique beauty, rare precious metal)

 In industries (aerospace, medicine, dentistry,
televison, telephone)
 impact
 Displace communities, destroy environment, hurt
worker
 Affect health of people
 Pollute water and land with mercury and cyanide
 NON METALLIC GEM STONES
 Main characteristic are its color, rarity, durability
 Cut stones(gems) uncut stone(gemstone)
1. Precious gemstone- diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald
2. Semi precious – moonstone, aqamarine, amethyst
 DIAMOND- formed deep Within earth mantle (high
pressure and tem)
 Found in kimberlite pipe (that bring diamond to
surface)
 Most durable and hard (mh 10)
 Ignition point 720-800°C
 Production 2150 carat/year
 Color diamond (impure) pure diamond(transparent)
 mines- kimberlite pipe- anantapur distt Andhra
pradesh
 Conglomerwte bed – panna, mp,
 Alluvial gravels- krishna river basin (AP)
 Uses
 Jewelery, indstrial cutting tools, drilling, electronic equipment(heat sink), water
treatment
 RUBY(manak, lal) – Variety of corundum (Al2O3)
 Red variety of corundum ruby
 Red color(chromic oxide)
 Hardness 9 spgr 3.9
 Distribution-andhra pradesh (anantpur, krshna, kurnool)
 Bihar-(manbhum distt)
 TN(kangayam)
 Rajasthan(ajmer, jaipur, udaipur,)
 SAPPHIRE(neelam) – blue variety of corundum
1. Presence of iron and titanium
2. Che composition (Al2O3)
3. Hardness 9 (second hardest material)
4. Transparent to translucent, yellow, white, blue(true sapphire)
5. Green sapphire(oriental emerald)

DISTRIBUTION- kistwar(j&k), mp(chhindwara), andhrapradesh(eastern ghat)

Occur in feldspathoid igneous rock

Use – blue variety most use in jewellery

Use in machinery, semoconductor and led chip

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 EMERALD(panna) – green in color, beryl variety
 Green color(chromium, venadium)
 Hardness 7.5-8.0,vitreous imperfect cleavage
 Top qualoty fine emerald more valuable than diamond
 colors-yellow green, bluish green Blue
 The coast of synthetic emerald or lab created emerald is much lower than
natural ones

 Distribution-Rj(ajmer, udaipur)
 Mp(panna) jharkhand (ranchi) AP(anantapur)
 TN(nilgiri hills)