RING FRAME – TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
• The roving bobbins (1) are inserted in holders (3) on the creel.

• Guide bars (4) guide the rovings (2) into the drafting system (5), where they are drawn to
their final count.

• The drafting system is at an angle of 45-60° and is one of the most important units on the
machine, since it exerts a very considerable influence on the uniformity of the yarn in
particular.

• After the resulting thin strand of fibers (6) leaves the delivery roller, the twist necessary
for imparting strength is provided by spindle (8) rotating at high speed.

• In the process each rotation of the traveller on the spinning ring (10) produces a twist in
the yarn.

• Ring traveller (9) is also necessary for taking up this yarn onto a tube mounted on
the spindle. This traveller moves on a guide rail (i.e. Ring) around the spindle. The ring
traveller has no drive of its own, it is dragged with spindle (8) via the yarn attached to it.
 OPERATING PRINCIPLE
• The rotation of the ring traveller lags somewhat behind that of the spindle due to the
relatively high friction of the ring traveller on the ring and the atmospheric resistance of
the traveller and the thread balloon between yarn guide eyelet (7) and traveller (9).

• This difference in speed between the spindle and the traveller results in the thread being
wound onto the tube.

• In contrast to the roving frame, the ring spinning machine spindle operates with at higher
speed than the traveller (9).

• The yarn is wound up into a cylindrical cop form by raising and lowering of the rings,
which are mounted on a continuous ring rail.

• The layer traverse of the ring rail is also less than the full winding height of the tube. The
ring rail therefore has to be raised slightly (shift traverse) after each layer has been
wound.
 LIMITATIONS
• Piecing of the yarn is difficult (delivery rate can’t be increased due to piecing).

• Lower yarn strength in the region of spinning triangle.

• There is a tendency of balloon formation.

• Burning of traveller at higher speed because of fractional heating.

• Productivity is limited, mainly because of traveller speed.

• The process of making yarn is longer than other means, as elimination of stages is not possible.

• This machine has a significant cost factors.

 MODES OF IMPROVEMENT
• Development of improved ring and traveller, which now seems to be very difficult.
• Increase in Traveller speed (35-40m/ sec) by reducing friction.
• Automatic doffing
• Number of spindle per machine should increase in machine length.
• End breakage rate reduction
• Improvement of roving quality
• Linking of ring with the winding machine (Link coner)
• Roving stop devices (Reduced waste/Pneumaphil)
• Automation in the field on:
• Roving bobbin
• Bobbin transport
• Bobbin change
 ROLLER DEFLECTION
• Roller deflection is considered almost necessary in modern ring frames.
• It gives a “V” shape to the drafting systems (SKF PK- 2020/2025/2055/2035/2065)
• Front top roller should be shifted towards the front of machine and the middle top roller should be shifted to
towards the back of the machine. This shifting must be in the range of 1-4mm.
Advantages:
• End breakage rate decreases
• Twist flow is improved
• Quality of running of top roller will be smooth.
• Spinning geometry (triangle) will be reduced
• Fiber support (surface support) will increase because of increasing contact of fibre with roller surface.
• To increase fibre support and to increase break draft, the top back roller can also be shifted towards back of
machine.
ROLLER DEFLECTION
FIBER GUIDING DEVICES
• The fiber bundle in the main drafting zone
consists of only relatively few fibers.

• There is virtually no friction zone, and fiber

guidance by rollers alone is inadequate.

• The shorter fibers in particular also have to be

controlled in terms of speed within the drafting
zone.

• Special fiber guidance devices are therefore

required in order to perform satisfactory
drafting.
 FIBER GUIDING DEVICES
The following guidance options can be visualised for a ring spinning drafting system:

LINE GUIDANCE

• A small aluminium or wooden roller (1), the so-called dummy roller, presses with its low dead weight against
the bottom roller. This device is no longer used in modern drafting systems (a).

SURFACE GUIDANCE: (two-dimensional)

• This can take place in the form of deflection around rollers (b), single aprons (c) or double aprons (d). New
ring spinning machine drafting systems are equipped with double aprons, as well as deflection around rollers
(b).

SPATIAL GUIDANCE: (three-dimensional, fiber channel)

• Only this device (e) can provide optimum fiber control and thus fewer irregularities. However, it is difficult to
work with, since the size of the channel, for example, should always be adjusted to the bulk of the material.
 TOP ROLLER SYNTHETIC
COVERINGS
• Top roller synthetic coverings provide nip line (essentially under pressure) for effective fibre
gripping.

• Effective gripping or hold on fibre depends upon shore degree or hardness of cot.

• In front roller line shore degree must be less.

• High hardness decrease roller lapping, roller slippage, and more life, less wear and tear.

• Hardness for synthetic material is kept more to avoid roller lapping, slippage, wear and tear.

• Better guidance (more enclosure and great area of contact specially for less number of fibers)

• Buffing in ring for one grinding operation reduces diameter about 0.2mm and limited up to 3mm.
 PNEUMATIC ROLLER PRESSURE
• It is simple and very rapid central pressure system as compared to other systems.

• Rapid pressure reduction to a minimum when the machine is stopped so that the roller coverings

are not deformed during the long interruptions in operation.

• However, More expensive than spring system.

 RING AND ROVING DRAFTING
DIFFERENCES
SYSTEM
• Type of drafting system

• Angle of drafting system

• Range of draft

• More use of condensers on roving

• Size of apron

• Size of rollers

• Speed of rollers

• Difference of feeding material

• Condition of material (hairy)

• Length of drafting roller (less in ring)

 SPINDLE AND BOBBIN SECTION
SPINDLE
• It acts as a supporting and holding element for bobbin.

• It is to create drive for the traveller.

• To help the winding operation because of lagging speed difference.

RAILS ON RING FRAME

1. Lappet guide rail
• Lappet guide control the alignment of spindle and yarn. It should be in vertical line of nip of the front roller and
spindle.

2. Balloon Control Ring rail

3. Ring rail
• Ring rail move faster than lappet guide rail
 THREAD GUIDE
• Fitted immediately over the spindle, the thread guide (Lappet guide)
guides the yarn centrally over the center axis of the spindle.

• The thread guide consists of wire eyelet (o) and thread board (k). The
eyelet is mounted adjustably in the thread board (fitted on a thread
guide rail) to enable it to be centred.

• The rail can be raised and lowered with the thread guides. While cops
are being wound it performs the same movements as the ring rail, but
with a smaller traverse height:

• Continuous raising and lowering during layering

• Continuous lift by small amounts as switching traverse

 BALOON CONTROL RING
• It controls the balloon form by dividing the large balloon in two small balloon rings.

• In old days to avoid balloon formation resultantly yarn tension variation, heavy traveller was
used which can cause to increase end breakage rate.

ADVANTAGES:

• Longer spindle can be used. Lift can be increased, possibly up to 10” but for making coarser
yarn.

• Spindle can be run at higher speed in the presence of balloon control ring.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Hairiness increases due to rubbing as a result of yarn contact with the BCR.

• In case of synthetic material due to rubbing heat generate that can cause the yarn to melt.
 SEPARATOR PLATE
• It is a protective device, made of Plastic or metallic (Al) and is

used to keep neighboring yarn (more specifically yarn

balloons) separate to avoid any chance of collision.

• In case of an ends down, broken end of the yarn can whirl

around the swiftly rotating spindle and can collide with the

neighbouring yarn balloons and can cause a chain of ends

down.
 SPINDLE DRIVE
• 50-80% of the total power of ring frame is utilized in spindle drive.

TAPE DRIVE

• Tape drive technology is most famous and widely used as a mean to provide drive to the spindle.

• Tape drive may be of two types; (w.r.t. Number of spindles)

• Individual spindle driving tape (no need of tin roller, 1 shaft on each side)

• 4 spindle driving tape (Need tin roller and jockey pulley assembly)

• Tin rollers take drive from the main motor and deliver to 4 spindles by single tape through jockey pulley.

• Tape drive may be of two types; (w.r.t. Tape material)

• Cotton tape (endless, soft, more wear, high elasticity, spindle to spindle variation, less age/ lift time)

• Synthetic tape (less wear, less elasticity, high life span but costly)
 SPINDLE DRIVE
ADVANTAGES OF TAPE DRIVE:

• It is more universal

• If the tape is broken due to any reason, only 4 spindles will be stopped, less production loss relatively.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Tin roller often runs out of round (it is hollow from inside)

• It will cause the whole frame to vibrate and consume unnecessary energy.

TENSION IN TAPE IS VERY IMPORTANT:

• Level of tension should be correct

• There should be minimum variation in tension.

• If it is not, cause streaks/ baréness fault in fabric.

 SPINDLE DRIVE
TANGENTIAL BELT DRIVE:

• Belt is made from special type of material having long life.

TYPES:

1. One tape for single frame (negative drive)

• Pressure roller after two spindle is necessary to control the contact between the spindle wharves and tape.

2. Two tapes for one frame (one on one side)

3. Sectional belt

4. Belts for a particular group of spindles (e.g 90 Spindles/ belt) having one motor for each group.
SPINDLE DRIVE
 SPINDLE DRIVE
ADVANTAGES:
• Elimination of driving components under the machine
• Less disturbance by the air under the machine
• Reduced and simple maintenance will be required
• It will permit narrow width of frame so we can accommodate more number of frames in a given space.
• It will eliminate the need for using long driving shaft thereby reducing the power and air turbulence.
• By adjusting the pressure at each belt spindle, variations between spindle speeds can be eliminated.
DISADVANTAGES:
• It is costly
• If tape breaks on one side whole frame will be stop.
• It require special maintenance and watch.
 RING
• It acts as a guiding and running circular track of the traveller.
• Adaptor (spring) is used to tight the ring on the ring rail from the lower side. It must not loose.
• Three important things related to ring are:
• Accurate manufacturing (related to manufacturing company)
• Optimum selection (concern with spinner)
• Proper application (concern with spinner)

QUALITY PARAMETERS:
• Material of ring
• Surface characteristics
• Forms of both elements (Ring w.r.t. Traveller)
• Wear resistance
• Level of smoothness of running
• Running in condition (breaking time)
• Fibre lubrication (ring and traveller are metallic, rubbing with each other, wear, so lubrication is necessary)
 RING
RING TYPES:
1. With respect to lubrication

2. With respect to number of sides (single flanged, double flanged)

3. Size of ring (internal diameter of ring)

4. Flange number (depends upon width of flange)

5. Profile of flange

6. With flange and flange-less ring

7. Old ring

8. New ring
• (high performance ring on high performance ring frame with H.F traveller)
 TYPES OF RING
LUBRICATION:
• LUBRICATED RING:
• Normally used for woolen and worsted spinning.

• Only/ sometimes they are also used on doubling frame for doubling and plying, folding and cabling.

• Also known as grooved ring, (it has a groove in the internal side for lubrication)

• Not used for making single yarns

• UNLUBRICATED/ NON LUBRICATED

• Also known as plane ring

• Used for short staple spinning

 TYPES OF RING
NUMBER OF SIDES:
• SINGLE FLANGED

• Also known as plane ring

• Used for short staple spinning

• DOUBLE FLANGED:

• Also known as reversible ring

• Used in old days, not used now- a- days

• both sides can be use

• Grip is not proper

 TYPES OF RING
FLANGE NUMBER:

Smallest size 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5

Flange diameter
(mm) 2.3 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.36 4.76 6.3

• Flange 1 and 2 are most popular.

• Flange 1 is used for making a yarn finer than 20 Nec

• Flange 2 is used for making yarn coarser than 20 Nec

 TYPES OF RING
SIZE OF RING:
• Popular sizes (internal diameter) of ring are 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54 mm depending upon the yarn
count.

• Mentioned sizes are used for making single yarn.

• For double yarn ring diameter ranges from 2-4 that runs at much lower speed.

MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE SIZE OF RING:

• Angel of yarn pull

• Traveller speed (spindle speed also)

• Angle of yarn pull is also known as “Angle of wind” (Range 20 33)
 TYPES OF RING
FLANGE PROFILE:
• Shape of the upper part of the ring is known as profile.

1. Flat ring (especially compatible for elliptical traveller, used for finer yarn)
• Anti-wedge

• Low crown

2. Conventional ring

TOE: traveller edge is known as toe.

• Space between toe of traveller and ring flat surface increases, which helps smooth running.
 TYPES OF RING
ANTI-WEDGE RING:

• High performance anti-wedge ring have offset part on which traveller moves.

• In this case the flange inner side is enlarged and also flattened from the upper side. This change will permit

the use of travellers with a low center of gravity and precisely adopted in case of elliptical traveller.

• These rings can operate at high speed and are preferred for making finer count.

• Traveller life will be more. Ring wear will be less.

• The spread of load will be better and also heat dissipation will be more.
 TYPES OF RING
LOW CROWN RING:
• Curvature of upper surface has been flattened giving more space for passage of yarn so that curvature
of traveller is also been reduced and center of gravity will be lowered.
• On this ring all type of traveller can be used except elliptical.

RING ALIGNMENT:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical (ear shaped) used in doubling frame
3. Inclined

RING SURFACE:
4. Solid surface ring
5. Porous centered surface ring
 MATERIAL OF RING
MATERIAL TYPE:
1. Cardio nitrated steel (most popular)
2. Chrome steel (2nd M.P)
3. Nitrated steel (rarely used)
4. Flame hardened steel (rarely used)

• VICKER is the unit of hardness of material

• Surface of ring must be harder than traveller.
• Ring 800- 850 Vickers
• Traveller 650- 700 Vickers

• Surface of the ring should be very hard, smooth but not be over smooth.
• Wax in cotton melt at higher speed, due to high smoothness it does not retain on the ring surface. This film
disappears.
• However it is necessary to get higher speed of traveller.
 MATERIAL OF RING
RUNNING – IN OF RING: (breaking time)

• While using a new ring:

• Use the lower traveller number than required.

• Decrease the speed of spindle

• Lubrication film must not be completely removed

• The spindle speed should be gradually increased in steps when installing new ring, but not in sharp steps.
This will increase the life of ring.

• Burnt traveller should not be allowed to run for long periods to avoid the spoilage of ring surface (oxidized
surface of traveller will be deposited on the flange)
 TRAVELLER
• Traveller is a “C” shaped tiny compound, running on the ring flange.

• It insert the twist in yarn in association with spindle rotation.

• The level of twist depends upon the speed of traveller

• Nominal twist (spindle speed/ F.R delivery)

• Actual twist (traveller speed/ F.R delivery)

• Spindle speed is constant but traveller speed varies, during the formation of different package stages (base,
body, shoulder), but it is ignorable. However change in IPI of the yarn.

FUNCTIONS OF TRAVELLER:
• Winding
• Guiding towards the surface of package
• To control the tension in yarn
 TRAVELLER
• There are so many types of traveller due to enormous number of yarns varying in following characteristics;
• Coarse or fine
• Thin or thick
• Hairy and smooth
• Single or double
• Compact or voluminous
• Strong (combed/ blended/ polyester) or weaker (Carded)
• Natural or synthetic

• Spindle speed
• Ring diameter
• Ring type
 TRAVELLER
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. With respect to shapes
a) “C” shape (kidney shape)
b) Flat
c) Elliptical (oval)
d) “N” shaped

2. Height of bow
• Horizontal
• Vertical (ear shape)

3. Wire profile
4. Traveller mass (number of travellers in a given mass)
5. Type of material
6. Type of surface finish of traveller
 TRAVELLER
BASIC REQUIREMENTS

• Heat dissipation

• Sufficient thread space

• Matching of size and shape of the traveller with the flange on which it is applied.

• Single contact surface (Less friction, less wear)

• Flat bow

• Good sliding property

 TRAVELLER
CENTIFUGAL FORCE BETWEEN RING AND TRAVELLER:

Centrifugal force

(35 N/mm2 ) Contact pressure (45000 lb/ in2)

Friction

Heat

Wear of the surface/ reduction of life

Speed limitation (main problem of this region)
 TRAVELLER
TYPES OF SHAPE OF TRAVELLER:
1. C shaper traveller:
• Conventional type, Preferred for bulky yarn

• Low End breakage rate

2. Flat/ oval traveller:

• Center of gravity will be lower

3. Elliptical

4. N travellers:

5. Ear shaped traveller (vertical traveller)

6. SU traveller:

7. Kidney shaped traveller:

• Preferred for fine and medium not for coarser count.
 TRAVELLER
WIRE PROFILE:
• Three cross sections are primarily important:
• Round
• Flat
• Semi circular

ROUND:
• Preferred for long fibres (wool, synthetic)

FLAT:
• Preferred for short fibre(cotton)

SEMI CIRCULAR: (semi round)

• Large contact surface will be more useful for higher speed.
TRAVELLER
 TRAVELLER
TRAVELLER NUMBERING: (MASS OF TRAVELLER)
• In old systems (Indirect System) weighing the 10 travellers in grains

• In Modern system (Direct System) weighing the 1000 travellers in grams

• POSITIVE GROUP:

• (Light travellers) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . … 75 (Heavier traveller)

• NEGATIVE GROUP:

• (Light travellers) 25/0,………………..,3/0, 2/0, 1/0 (Heavier travellers)

• Traveller mass is very much concerned with the yarn tension. More mass of traveller, more will be the yarn
tension.
• Compactness and density of package is also related to traveller mass. More mass more compactness and
more will be the package density and vice versa.
 TRAVELLER
SURFACE FINISH:

• Electroplating:
• Coating of one or two metallic layers. E.g. nickel and silver on steel

• Chemical treatment:
• On surface to reduce the frictional effect

• Pitting:
• The process of creating small holes on the surface

• Finishing components diffused into traveller surface, E.g.

• Sapphire traveller

• Starlet (bracker component)

• Titan (bracker component)

 TRAVELLER
TRAVELLER SPEED:

• Two main variable affecting traveller speed

• Ring diameter

• Spindle speed

• Cause of travel speed to be variable

• Height of balloon

• Changes in the diameter of package

• Lag of traveller = L/  D (L = Front roller Delivery, D = diameter of package)

• Winding speed (Bobbin/Spindle speed)

 TRAVELLER
FACTORS AFFECTING TRAVELLER SPEED

• Traveller weight

• Yarn tension

• Smoothness of ring surface

• Shape of traveller

• Surface finish of ring and traveller

• Type of build (in case of cop build higher speed can be possible)
 AUTOMATION ON RING FRAME
1. Transport of roving bobbin to ring frame
2. Exchange of roving bobbin in the creel
3. Threading of roving and piecing
4. Take up and removal of waste
5. Piecing and breakages
6. Stopping of roving feed in case of end breakages
7. Doffing of full packages
8. Cleaning of atmosphere (traveling clearers, blowers etc.)
9. Repair and maintenance
10.Transport of bobbin to Auto-coner e.g. link coner
11.Machine monitoring (ring data = system by Uster)
12.Production monitoring
13.Quality monitoring
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