Instrumentation Technology

Pressure Measurement
Prepared BY
 Abdulkhaliq Alharari
 Muhammad Edbbara
 Mukhtar Azowi
Under Supervision Of
 Malik Alhannoud
 01 Introduction To The Topic

02 What is the Pressure

03 Importance of Accurate Pressure Measurement

Pressure Measurements
04 Pressure Types & Units
Table Of Contents
05 How to Measure the Pressure

06 Consideration

Pressure Sensor Integration with Control

07
Systems

08 Pressure Safety Instruments

09 Conclusion
Introduction to Pressure
Measurement
Pressure is a fundamental parameter in many industrial processes, from manufacturing
to health care. Accurate and reliable pressure measurement is crucial for ensuring
product quality, process efficiency, and equipment safety. This introduction will
explore the importance of pressure measurement and the key technologies used in
industrial settings.
Definition of Pressure
Pressure is define as continuous force exerted on specific area and measured in
Newton per square meter (N/m2) or Pascal (pa).

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Importance of Accurate Pressure
Measurement
1 Process Optimization
Precise pressure data enables fine-tuning of
industrial processes, maximizing efficiency and
productivity.
3 Safety Compliance
Regulatory bodies mandate stringent pressure
measurement to ensure worker and public safety
in hazardous environments.
2 Equipment Protection
Accurate pressure monitoring safeguards critical
machinery and infrastructure from damage or
failure.
4 Product Quality
Consistent pressure control is vital for
maintaining product specifications and avoiding
costly defects.
Importance of Accurate Pressure
Measurement
1 Process Optimization
Precise pressure data enables fine-tuning of
industrial processes, maximizing efficiency and
productivity.
3 Safety Compliance
Regulatory bodies mandate stringent pressure
measurement to ensure worker and public safety
in hazardous environments.
2 Equipment Protection
Accurate pressure monitoring safeguards critical
machinery and infrastructure from damage or
failure.
4 Product Quality
Consistent pressure control is vital for
maintaining product specifications and avoiding
costly defects.
Importance of Accurate Pressure
Measurement
1 Process Optimization
Precise pressure data enables fine-tuning of
industrial processes, maximizing efficiency and
productivity.
3 Safety Compliance
Regulatory bodies mandate stringent pressure
measurement to ensure worker and public safety
in hazardous environments.
2 Equipment Protection
Accurate pressure monitoring safeguards critical
machinery and infrastructure from damage or
failure.
4 Product Quality
Consistent pressure control is vital for
maintaining product specifications and avoiding
costly defects.
Importance of Accurate Pressure
Measurement
1 Process Optimization
Precise pressure data enables fine-tuning of
industrial processes, maximizing efficiency and
productivity.
3 Safety Compliance
Regulatory bodies mandate stringent pressure
measurement to ensure worker and public safety
in hazardous environments.
2 Equipment Protection
Accurate pressure monitoring safeguards critical
machinery and infrastructure from damage or
failure.
4 Product Quality
Consistent pressure control is vital for
maintaining product specifications and avoiding
costly defects.
Pressure Types Absolute Pressure:
Refers to the pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum
(0 pa), it the actual pressure at given point.

Atmospheric Pressure:

Gauge Pressure
Refers to the pressure exerted by the Earth’s atmosphere, and
equals 101.325 kpa at sea level.

Differential Pressure
Absolute Pressure

Gauge Pressure:
101.532 Refers to the pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
kpa
Atmospheric

Vacuum Pressure:
Pressure

Pressure
Vacuum
Refers to the pressure below the atmospheric pressure.

Differential Pressure:
0 pa
Refers to the pressure difference between two point.
Pressure Types
Static Pressure:
Static pressure is the force exerted by a fluid at rest on a
surface. It acts perpendicular to the surface and is the same in
all directions.
Static Pressure

Dynamic Pressure:
Refers to the kinetic energy per unit of volume of a fluid
particle in motion.
Dynamic Pressure

.g.h Hydro-static Pressure:

Refers to the pressure exerted by a fluid due to the weight of
the fluid above a particular point.
 Pressure Units
Metric Units Imperial Units Figures
Pascal
Based on Force over Area Bar P.S.I

mmHg
Based on Height of Liquid cmHg in Hg
Column
cmH2O in H2O
Principles of Pressure Measurement

Hydro-static Pressure
The pressure exerted by a static liquid or
gas, which increases with depth or height
according to the density of the fluid.
1

Mechanical Deformation
The deflection or distortion of a solid
2 material, such as a diaphragm or bourdon
tube, in response to an applied pressure.

Electrical Principles
The conversion of pressure into an electrical
signal, using mechanisms like strain gauges
or piezoelectric materials.
3
Principles of Pressure Measurement

Hydro-static Pressure
The pressure exerted by a static liquid or
gas, which increases with depth or height
according to the density of the fluid.
1

Mechanical Deformation
The deflection or distortion of a solid
2 material, such as a diaphragm or bourdon
tube, in response to an applied pressure.

Electrical Principles
The conversion of pressure into an electrical
signal, using mechanisms like strain gauges
or piezoelectric materials.
3
Principles of Pressure Measurement

Hydro-static Pressure
The pressure exerted by a static liquid or
gas, which increases with depth or height
according to the density of the fluid.
1

Mechanical Deformation
The deflection or distortion of a solid
2 material, such as a diaphragm or bourdon
tube, in response to an applied pressure.

Electrical Principles
The conversion of pressure into an electrical
signal, using mechanisms like strain gauges
or piezoelectric materials.
3
 Pressure Sensing Elements

Diaphragm Bellow Bourdon Tube Capsule

Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
circular plate that cylindrical that expands curved metal tube that
deflects when pressure or contracts depending tries to straighten when two corrugated
is applied on one side, on pressure changes. pressure is applied diaphragms that are
can be made of metal welded together to form
or ceramic. inside it.
a sealed capsule. This
capsule is filled with a
fluid.
 Pressure Sensing Elements

Diaphragm Bellow Bourdon Tube Capsule

Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
circular plate that cylindrical that expands curved metal tube that
deflects when pressure or contracts depending tries to straighten when two corrugated
is applied on one side, on pressure changes. pressure is applied diaphragms that are
can be made of metal welded together to form
or ceramic. inside it.
a sealed capsule. This
capsule is filled with a
fluid.
 Pressure Sensing Elements

Diaphragm Bellow Bourdon Tube Capsule

Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
circular plate that cylindrical that expands curved metal tube that
deflects when pressure or contracts depending tries to straighten when two corrugated
is applied on one side, on pressure changes. pressure is applied diaphragms that are
can be made of metal welded together to form
or ceramic. inside it.
a sealed capsule. This
capsule is filled with a
fluid.
 Pressure Sensing Elements

Diaphragm Bellow Bourdon Tube Capsule

Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
circular plate that cylindrical that expands curved metal tube that
deflects when pressure or contracts depending tries to straighten when two corrugated
is applied on one side, on pressure changes. pressure is applied diaphragms that are
can be made of metal welded together to form
or ceramic. inside it.
a sealed capsule. This
capsule is filled with a
fluid.
 Pressure Sensing Elements

Diaphragm Bellow Bourdon Tube Capsule

Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
circular plate that cylindrical that expands curved metal tube that
deflects when pressure or contracts depending tries to straighten when two corrugated
is applied on one side, on pressure changes. pressure is applied diaphragms that are
can be made of metal welded together to form
or ceramic. inside it.
a sealed capsule. This
capsule is filled with a
fluid.
Types of Pressure Measurement
Instruments

Manometers Pressure Gauges Pressure Transmitters

Manometers measure Pressure gauges use Pressure transmitters
pressure by comparing an mechanical or electronic convert the measured
unknown pressure to a principles to directly pressure into an
known reference pressure, display the measured pneumatic or electrical
often using a column of pressure, making them signal, enabling remote
liquid. widely used in industrial. monitoring and control
system.
Types of Pressure Measurement
Instruments

Manometers Pressure Gauges Pressure Transmitters

Manometers measure Pressure gauges use Pressure transmitters
pressure by comparing an mechanical or electronic convert the measured
unknown pressure to a principles to directly pressure into an
known reference pressure, display the measured pneumatic or electrical
often using a column of pressure, making them signal, enabling remote
liquid. widely used in industrial. monitoring and control
system.
Types of Pressure Measurement
Instruments

Manometers Pressure Gauges Pressure Transmitters

Manometers measure Pressure gauges use Pressure transmitters
pressure by comparing an mechanical or electronic convert the measured
unknown pressure to a principles to directly pressure into an
known reference pressure, display the measured pneumatic or electrical
often using a column of pressure, making them signal, enabling remote
liquid. widely used in industrial. monitoring and control
system.
Types of Manometers
Single Limb Manometer

A simple manometer Increases the sensitivity A compact design that

design with a U-shaped of pressure measurement uses a single vertical
tube, typically used to by inclining the tube, tube to measure
measure small pressure allowing for more pressure, often used in
differences. precise readings. limited space
It is the most accurate It is the most sensitive applications.
type. type. it is the simplest and
most convenient in terms
of reading.
 Types of Pressure Gauges
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge Diaphragm Pressure Gauge Bellows Pressure Gauges
With their simple design and ability to Due to their accuracy and sensitivity Due to their high flexibility and large
handle a wide range of pressures, C- diaphragm pressure gauge are suitable effective area, bellows gauges excel in
shape Bourdon tubes gauges are well- for applications require precise low-pressure measurements where
suited for hydraulic system pressure measurements. sensitivity is crucial.
measurement applications.
 Types of Pressure Gauges
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge Diaphragm Pressure Gauge Bellows Pressure Gauges
With their simple design and ability to Due to their accuracy and sensitivity Due to their high flexibility and large
handle a wide range of pressures, C- diaphragm pressure gauge are suitable effective area, bellows gauges excel in
shape Bourdon tubes gauges are well- for applications require precise low-pressure measurements where
suited for hydraulic system pressure measurements. sensitivity is crucial.
measurement applications.
 Types of Pressure Gauges
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge Diaphragm Pressure Gauge Bellows Pressure Gauges
With their simple design and ability to Due to their accuracy and sensitivity Due to their high flexibility and large
handle a wide range of pressures, C- diaphragm pressure gauge are suitable effective area, bellows gauges excel in
shape Bourdon tubes gauges are well- for applications require precise low-pressure measurements where
suited for hydraulic system pressure measurements. sensitivity is crucial.
measurement applications.
Differential Pressure
Transmitter
A differential pressure transmitter is a device that measures
the pressure difference between two points and converts it into a
standardized output signal, either 0.2 to 1 bar for pneumatic
applications or 4 to 20 mA for electrical applications depending
on its type.

A differential pressure transmitter (DPT) functions

through a sequential three-step process.
Operation of Differential
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Input
1 The pressure being measured is applied to a flexible
diaphragm, causing it to deflect.

Mechanical Conversion
The diaphragm's deflection is converted into a
proportional pneumatic output signal by relay [Pneumatic
2 type] or electric signal by amplifier [Electric type].

Balance System
Relay sends a different amount of air pressure to a bellow|
3 amplifier to send a different amount of electric current to a
force coil, bellow or force coil acts force against pressure input
to balance the system.
Operation of Differential
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Input
1 The pressure being measured is applied to a flexible
diaphragm, causing it to deflect.

Mechanical Conversion
The diaphragm's deflection is converted into a
proportional pneumatic output signal by relay [Pneumatic
2 type] or electric signal by amplifier [Electric type].

Balance System
Relay sends a different amount of air pressure to a bellow|
3 amplifier to send a different amount of electric current to a
force coil, bellow or force coil acts force against pressure input
to balance the system.
Operation of Differential
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Input
1 The pressure being measured is applied to a flexible
diaphragm, causing it to deflect.

Mechanical Conversion
The diaphragm's deflection is converted into a
proportional pneumatic output signal by relay [Pneumatic
2 type] or electric signal by amplifier [Electric type].

Balance System
Relay sends a different amount of air pressure to a bellow|
3 amplifier to send a different amount of electric current to a
force coil, bellow or force coil acts force against pressure input
to balance the system.
 consideration
1 Location:
Pressure can vary greatly depending on where you're
2 Considering Solid Content
the fluid contains numerous solids must be measured with
measuring it, zero point adjustments, including suppression transmitter with seal to prevent clogging of impulse line .
or elevation, must be made on the pressure measuring device
as required.

3 Temperature:
Pressure and temperature are closely linked. As temperature
4 Installation:
For pressure measurement in liquids, mount the pressure
increases, pressure also increases. If not accounted for, measuring device below the measurement point to avoid
thermal expansion can cause pressure readings to be bubbles enters impulse lines. and above the measurement
inaccurate. point for pressure measurement in gases This prevents
accumulation of liquid in the impulse line

5 Safety:
The oil and gas industry deals with highly pressurized
environments. Pressure gauges need to be properly
installed, calibrated, and maintained to ensure safety and
prevent leaks or explosions.
Pressure Sensor Integration with
Control Systems
Integrating pressure sensors with control systems is crucial
for monitoring and regulating critical processes. By
connecting pressure sensors to programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) or distributed control systems (DCS),
operators can closely track and adjust pressure levels across
a wide range of industrial applications.
Seamless integration enables real-time data acquisition,
automated pressure control, and advanced analytic to
optimize performance, enhance safety, and drive operational
efficiency.
Pressure Safety
Instruments
Pressure Safety Valve (PSV)
is a mechanical device that automatically releases pressure from a vessel or
system when the pressure exceeds a predetermined level.
Rupture Disk
is a non-reclosing safety device that bursts at a specific pressure, providing an
emergency pressure release.
Dual Protection:
Combines primary and secondary relief:
 PSV handles overpressure events.
 Rupture disk serves as backup when PSV capacity is exceeded.
 Essential for critical applications prioritizing safety.
Conclusion
 To sum up, pressure measurement is vital in
industry for safe and efficient operations.
 It involves various technologies and
considerations to ensure accurate and reliable
readings, which are crucial for system control
and process optimization.
 Safety instuments must be used to reduce the
risk of hazards.