UNIT – 2

HUMAN VALUES
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Sub-topics
• Meaning of Human Values
• Formation of Values: Socialization
• Types of Values: Social Values, Aesthetic Values,
Organizational Values, Spiritual Values
• Value Crisis
• Concept of knowledge and wisdom
• Wisdom-based management
• Concept of Karma and its kinds: Karma Yoga
• Nishkam Karma and Sakam Karma
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Meaning of Human Values

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Types of Human Values

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Why Human Values are needed?

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Formation of Values
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Socialization
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Socialization Institutions
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Types of Values
Social Values
Aesthetic Values
Organizational Values
Spiritual Values
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Social Values
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Present conditions of the society

• Increase in the number of assault cases and
crime
• Increasing number of old age homes
• No respect for elders and females
• Telling a lie has become a habit
• Corruption and jealousy everywhere
• People are becoming less tolerant which is
leading to violence and family breakdown
• Drugs are destroying our youth
• People are becoming selfish
• People want fame and wealth at any cost
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How to make things better?

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Aesthetic Values
• Aesthetic value is the value that an object, event,
or state of affairs (most paradigmatically an
artwork or the natural environment)
possesses in virtue of its capacity to elicit
pleasure (positive value) or displeasure
(negative value) when appreciated or
experienced aesthetically.
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• Aesthetic value is a judgment of value based on

the appearance of an object and the emotional
responses it evokes.
• While it is difficult to objectively assess aesthetic
value, it often becomes an important
determining factor in overall value; things people
perceive as attractive tend to be in higher
demand, and will cost more than comparable
objects without the aesthetic component.
• For example, two homes with similar amenities,
locations, and sizes can sell for radically different
prices if one is a custom-designed Craftsman
while the other is a generic manufactured home.
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Organizational Values
• Organisational values are a set of core beliefs
held by an organisation.

• They act as guiding principles that provide an

organisation with purpose and direction and set
the tone for its interactions with its customers,
employees and other stakeholders.
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Examples
• Integrity
• Innovation
• Collaboration
• Teamwork
• Passion
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Spiritual Values
• Spiritual values are the integrative values of
human soul consisting of altruistic, humanistic,
personal, divine, and affective values leading to
spiritual growth of personality.

• Examples:
• Harmony
• Truth
• Charity
• Faith
• Hope
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Value Crisis
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• In the changed social set-up, the definition of

good morals has been questioned.

• Today, newspapers, magazines and other news

media are flooded with reports of crime, murder,
agitation, violence immorality, rape, corruption,
bribery, self centered egoism, youth unrest,
eveteasing, communal violence, cybercrime, etc.
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Strategies to control value crisis in the

contemporary world are as follows:
• Parents should be made aware of the importance of raising
children with right values and that they should themselves
become role models for their children.

• Schools should have value lessons embedded in syllabus.

• Code of ethics for organizations. Right ethical conduct should

be rewarded.

• The cost of unethical behavior should be made high by

increasing punishment. Just increasing the punishment will
not do. Implementation should also be proper.
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• People who are generally the victims in the society

should be made aware of their rights. Dalits and
women should be made aware of their rights and
ways to register complaints and get justice.

• Popular leaders should use their appeal to

inculcate good values in the society.

• The downward spiraling ethical stock of the

society need to be stopped and ethical standards
should be raised. A prosperous society with no
ethics is no good for anybody.
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Concept of knowledge and wisdom

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Definition of Wisdom
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Differences
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Types of Knowledge
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Wisdom-based management
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Concept of Karma and its kinds: Karma

Yoga
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Nishkam Karma and Sakam Karma

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