ECONOMIC CONCEPT

OF PEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM)
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest
 Are species whose existence conflicts
with people’s profit, convenience or
welfare; such organisms include
principally certain insects, nematodes,
bacteria, fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or
any terrestrial or animal life.
 Are living organisms causing economic
harm to us and our resources.
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest Classification
 Based on origin
Exotic pest – are those pests that
are introduced from outside the locality
Endemic pest – are those pests that
are local in origin
 Based on abundance or number
 Key or major pest – are always
present in the field every season at a
very high population
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Key or Major Pest

• Are always causing economic damage

• Examples: rice stemborers, corn
borer, green leafhopper, diamond
back moth, mango hopper, etc.
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest Classification
 Potential or minor pest
 Are usually endemic species that are
always found in the field at a low
population
 They do not cause economic damage
because their populations are being
controlled by many natural enemies
 Examples: rice whorl maggot
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest Classification

 Occasional pest

 Are usually strong fliers that can

migrate from one place to another

 They came usually after a long drought

 Examples: armyworms and cutworms

ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest Classification

Major insect pest

o Are found frequently in abundance or in

great number

Minor insect pest

o Are usually encountered in small

number
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest Classification
Based on feeding habit
 Phytophagous insects (herbivores) –
feeding on living plants
 Leaf feeders – Orthopterans, most
larvae of Lepidoptera
 Leaf miners – agromyzid flies
 Stem and root borers – pyralid
larvae and cerambycid larvae
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY
The scientific study of pests and pest controls
relative to its financial impact on animals,
crops, and humans in general.

INJURY
• The physical harm brought to the commodity due
to the presence of pests or infection of diseases.

DAMAGE
• The monetary value lost from the commodity due
to the injury brought by pests and diseases.
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

Pest population may not be considered a

problem when it’s low; however, when
favourable conditions permit rapid
reproduction, the population may reach a
point where it may cause noticeable damage.

FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER

 The value lost due to pests and diseases

 The cost of control
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

PEST OUTBREAK

• A considerable increase in the

population of a pest above the EIL
• Usually occurs as a result of
human activities that destroy
ecosystem balance.
• Occurs when the environment is
favourable for the growth and
reproduction of the pest species.
ECONOMIC CONCEPT

PEST OUTBREAK

Deforestation
Destruction of the natural enemies
Intensive and extensive cultivation
Introduction of new varieties and crops
Accidental introduction of new pest species
Improved agronomic practices
Large scale storage of food grains
ECONOMIC LEVEL
 Is the level of pest population, as determined
by valid sampling procedures, at which some
additional control or management practice
must be used to prevent yield or quality loss.

Two factors influencing the use of economic

levels by growers :

Federal regulations
Market prices
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL (ETL)

 Entomologist define a economic injury level at

which a decision is made to treat or not to
treat.
 The pest density at which management action
should be taken to prevent an increasing pest
population from reaching the Economic Injury
Level.
 To calculate the Economic Threshold Level you
must :
Know how to identify the pest
Know how to sample the crop environment
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL (EIL)

 “ The lowest population density of a pest that

will cause economic damage; or the amount of
pest injury which will justify the cost of
control.” (Stern et all., 1959)
 The Economic Injury Level (EIL) is often
expressed mathematically by the formula:
 Where:
C = is the unit cost of controlling the pest (e.g.,
1,000/acre)
N = is the number of pests injuring the commodity
unit (e.g., 800/acre)
V = is the unit value of the commodity (e.g.,
23,500/acre)
I = is the percentage of the commodity unit injured
(e.g., 10% loss)

 For the example given above, the economic injury

level would equal to insects per acre.
 END
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