CHAPTER

10 WHO’S
IN
CONTROL?
 Summarize the functions of

1 the major endocrine glands

and hormones they secrete.

Explain how diseases of

2 the endocrine system are

acquired, prevented, or treated.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 3 Give examples of processes
that are controlled by

S
hormones.
Discuss the functions of

4 several plant hormones and

their role in plant response.

Describe several ways by

5 which plants respond

environmental stimuli.
to
 LESSON 10.1 HUMAN BODY
REGULATION
Try observing yourself in the mirror. Are
you aware of the changes happening in
your body? Have you experienced a
fight-or-flight reaction requiring fast
movement from an approaching
speeding car? These fast reactions and
slow changes happening in your body
are partially controlled or regulated by
hormones.
Hormones
-Are chemical messengers that carry instructions to cells
to change their activities. Unlike nerve impulses that are fast-
acting and usually short-lived, most hormones are slow-
acting and longer-lived messengers.
-The effect of a hormone can last for hours, days, weeks, or
even years. They are produced by the glands of the endocrine
system. Hormones are produced by the glands of the endocrine
system. Together with the nervous system, the endocrine
system functions to keep all parts of the body running smoothly.
Anabolic steroids: An athlete’s miracle drug
Anabolic Steroids
- Also known as lean mass
builders, belong to an
umbrella of substances known
as performance- enhancing drugs.
In the 1950s, they were initially
developed lo treat polients viho
had been rendered immobile by
surgery or muscle atrophy.
They are synthetic hormones
that mimic testosterone.
Testosterone
— Is secreted during
puberty in males to
stimulate adult male
characteristics such
growth of hair as on
face and the
underarms,
deepening of the voice,
etc.
 Health research shows that there are
many side effects associated with steroid
hormones, so a steroid hormones is a steroid
that acts as a hormone. Since the drug speeds
up maturation, young athletes would have a
skeletal system that does not mature
completely, a body with an abnormal weight,
and a distorted body due to abnormal body
mass. Overuse of steroids can also cause liver
cancer and other liver disorders.
Gland
-is an organ whose cells secrete materials to
be brought to the different regions of the
body; sometimes via tubelike structures called
ducts.

Endocrine glands
-(endo means "within," krinein means
"separate") are ductless glands that secrete
hormones directly into either the bloodstream or
the fluid around the cells (extracellular fluid).
Several other organs contain cells or tissues
that secrete hormones which includes the brain,
stomach, small intestine, kidney, liver, and heart.
The Endocrine System
- coordinates all of the
body's sources of
hormones. However,
some organs of the
endocrine system such
as the pancreas are also
involved in the exocrine
system.
Exocrine glands
- (ex means "outward)
such as sweat glands,
mucus glands, and salivary
glands, deliver substances
through ducts and
releases them through a
duct or opening to a body
surface. The ducts transport
the chemicals to specific
locations in the body.
 THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT
CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT
1.Some HORMONES:
glands do not function until the organism reaches
a certain age, so some hormones are not secreted until then.
For example, the gonads (reproductive organs) start producing
sex hormones during puberty.
2. There is a difference between short-term and long-term
hormones. The effects of hormones such as adrenaline are
short-lived, while hormones such as thyroxine produce long-
term and permanent effects in the body.
3.The production of each hormone must be the correct
amount.
4. Hormones only work on their target cells or organs.
5.Hormones are destroyed in the liver after they have
performed their function.
LESSON HOW HORMONES
10.2 WORK
Each hormone that a particular
endocrine gland produces or secretes
contains instructions that are specific
to a certain cell type; they bind to
and are enacted by specific cells
called target cells. Hormones only
act on a target cell in a lock-and-
key fashion. Imagine what would
happen without this specificity. If the
cells in the body respond to any
hormone, it will cause uncoordinated
processes and activities
among the organs of the body.
The relationship between a
hormone and a receptor of a
target cell- be it on the cell
membrane or cytoplasm--is
similar to that of a lock and key.
Once it recognizes its target
cell, a hormone's shape
(key) matches and binds
to a particular receptor (lock)
on its target cells. The
hormone, then sends the
message that signals the cell to
change its activity.
 LESSON 10.3 HORMONE
REGULATION
Our body produces more
than 40 kinds of hormones
that are regulated to prevent
internal imbalances, or worse,
body malformations such as
goiter or gigantism. Hormone
Regulation is important for
the normal functioning of and
various physiological
behavioral activities.
The body has several means of regulating its hormone levels. For
example:

(A.) The Nerve impulses can increase or decrease the secretion of

some hormones.
(B.) A baby nursing on a mother’s breast stimulates oxytocin secretion,
which in return stimulates the release of more milk from the mother’s
mammary gland.

The baby’s lack of interest in breastfeeding and the wearing period

(when the baby is being trained to bottle-feed) decreases the amount
of oxytocin secretion in the body, which signals the decrease of
milk production or stops the production altogether.
The production of hormones may also be regulated through a Negative
Feedback mechanism. Negative Feedback counteracts the production
of more hormones. The negative Feedback mechanism decreases the
deviation of the hormone level from the normal value.

For Example:
(A.) High levels of a hormone inhibit the production of more
hormones, or low levels of a hormone stimulate the production of that
hormone.

(B.) Negative Feedback mechanism can be compared to

driving a car. If the driver finds the car too fast, they release the gas pedal;
and if they find the car too slow, they press on the pedal to accelerate the
car.

The liver plays a vital role in the feedback mechanism by

removing hormones from the blood and breaking them down after they
have fulfilled their purpose.
 •The production of hormones is regulated
based on the amount of hormone present in the
blood, keeping the body’s internal environment
stable.

•Hormone level in the blood turns the

production of hormones on and off through a
feedback mechanism. Positive feedback
enhances the original stimulus, while negative
feedback inhibits the hormone production.
LESSON 10.4 MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN THE
BODY
The hypothalamus is found at the
base of the brain. It produces
hormones that help turn the other
endocrine glands in your body on
and off. It is the link between the
nervous system and the endocrine
system. Therefore, the
hypothalamus knows about the
sensations you are aware of, such as
the smell of a beautiful flower or a
picturesque view. At the same time,
it also controls those things that you
are not aware of, such as the
level of hormones in your body
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a pea-sized gland found
in the center of the skull, right behind the bridge of the nose
and below the hypothalamus of the brain. The
hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland
through nerve impulses and hormones. For many years, the
pituitary was referred to as the "master gland" because it
produces hormones that control many activities of the
other endocrine glands. With the discovery that the
pituitary was controlled by the hypothalamus, the
nickname "master gland" gradually dropped out of use.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormones also help in
maintaining heart rate, blood
pressure, muscle tone, and
reproductive functions. It
plays a crucial role in
development and maturation.
This can also make a person
develop high blood pressure,
feel irritable, and lose weight.
Parathyroid
Glands
The parathyroid glands are four
tiny glands embedded in the
surface of the thyroid. These
glands release the parathyroid
hormone which, along with
calcitonin, regulates blood
calcium levels in the body in
an antagonistic manner since
they have opposite effects.
Thymu
s The thymus is responsible for the development of the
defense system of the body against disease-causing organisms. At
a young age, your thymus is large but it gradually decreases in size
as you get older because other glands in the body take over
its job. By adulthood, the thymus will have already shrunk to about
the size of a thumb.
Adrenals
The word adrenal means
"above kidney." Each
adrenal gland is located
atop each of your kidneys.
The adrenal glands are
made
parts: upthe
of two
inner adrenal
medulla and outer
the
adrenal
The inner adrenal medulla
produces adrenaline which
plays an important role in the
body's coping mechanism
against short- term physical
and emotional stress. The
outer adrenal cortex secretes
corticosteroids which regulate
the body's metabolism,
electrolyte balance, immune
system, and long-term stress
response.
 Pancreas
Although part of the digestive system, the
pancreas is also an endocrine organ. It
produces two types of hormones: insulin and
glucagon. Insulin is produced by a small
group of cells called islet of Langerhans
wiehin the pancreas. Insulin keeps the
levels of sugar (glucose) in the
bloodstream under control. Glucagon, on the
other hand, does exactly the opposite. It
increases the level of sugar in the body by
speeding up the conversion of glycogen
into sugar in the liver. Both these
hormones ensure that the mount of sugar in
the blood is always the right level.
 Gonads or gametes
The human reproductive organs are collectively called gonads. The
reproductive organs in females are the ovaries, while testes in
males. Both the testes and ovaries produce sex hormones
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics
during teenage years.
 The testes produce androgens, of which the most
important is testosterone. These male hormones induce
the development of facial hair, body mass, deep voice,
and the production of sperm. The ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone that control the
development of breasts, menstruation, and fertility.
Other female reproductive structures such as the
placenta and uterus release other hormones during
pregnancy and childbirth.
 Pineal
It
Gland
produces melatonin, which
regulates body rhythms and
sleep patterns. It synchronizes
daily rhythms, regulates body
systems, and helps the body
adapt to seasonal
changes. This
desynchronized sleep-wake cycle
is corrected with the amount of
melatonin produced during
daytime and nighttime.
LESSON 10.5 PREVENTION, DETECTION, AND
TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

When there is lack of hormones in the

body or too much is secreted, abnormalities
in the endocine glands can disrupt or cause
changes in the body’s normal functioning.
Some of these problems may be cured but
others may require lifelong treatment.
Dwarfism
Is characterized by the body’s
insufficient production of
hormones the most common growth
symptom
among children is the unusually smaller
stature compared to other children of
the same age. This is because the
lack or insufficient amount of growth
hormones leads to slower growth.
They can be treated with synthetic
growth hormone, with early detection,
children with this malfunction can also
 Diabetes Mellitus

Is a group of metabolic disorders in which a person's blood

glucose level is high due to either inadequate insulin production
or inability of body cells to respond to insulin, or both People with
diabetes experience frequent urination, as well as excessive thirst
and hunger. There are three types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes - The body does not produce insulin. People with
this disorder will need to take insulin injections throughout their
lifetime, submit themselves for regular blood tests, and follow a
prescribed diet.

Type 2 diabetes - The body produces minimal insulin or the

body's cells do not react to insulin, a condition known as insulin
resistance. About 90 percent of diabetes cases are of this type.
Overweight and obese individuals are at a higher risk of
acquiring this type of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive
disease. Diet, exercise, and taking antidiabetic tablets can control
the progression.
Gestational diabetes - This affects pregnant women. About 2 to 10 percent of
expectant mothers experience it during their pregnancy. Due to hormonal
changes during pregnancy, a pregnant woman's cells are less responsive to
insulin.

All forms of diabetes are treatable. With the right management and combination of
exercise, diet, and weight control, people with diabetes can manage this disorder.
However, if left untreated, diabetes could lead to complications such as heart
problems, hypertension, eye complications, foot infections and ulcers, stroke, and
slow-healing wounds.
Thyroid
Disorders
Thyroid problems are associated with the abnormal
production of thyroid hormones due to either
excessive or insufficient secretion of the thyroid
gland.
Hyperthyroidism - This condition results in the overproduction of thyroid
hormones. Patients experience tremors, nervousness, fatigue, intolerance
for heat, concentration problems, increased sweating, eye
changes (exophthalmos), or increased bowel movement.

Hypothyroidism- Symptoms associated with insufficient amount of thyroid

hormone include goiter, fatigue, poor concentration, dry skin, constipation,
unusually cold feeling, depression, and prolonged menstruation in women.
 LESSON 10.6 PLANT
HORMONES

Like humans, plants can respond to changes in

their environment. They do so because of the
hormones that control both their growth and
responses. Plant hormones help in growth and
regulation. Hormone-induced responses are
exemplified by Phototropism and Gravitropism.
Phototropism, a change in
response to an increase or
decrease of sunlight, is
achieved with the help of the
hormone Auxin. Auxin is
produced in the stem and
travels by active transport
to stimulate the elongation
of the plant, it makes the plant
grow taller.

If the plant receives equal light on all sides, the stem will grow straight.
But if the plant receives uneven light, the auxin moves toward the darker
side of the stem, which then grows and bends toward the light.
 Auxin works with another group of hormones called
gibberellins to affect plant growth in response to gravity
(gravitropism). The Auxin-Gibberellin interaction keeps the
stem and leaves growing upward and the roots growing downward,
even when the stem or roots may be horizontal at times.
Gibberellins also help plants produce bigger fruits
• Plants produce hormones
That affects various
processes such as plant
growth, gene expression,
metabolism, and cell
division.
THANK
YOU!
Have a
great day
ahead.