Functional English

Topic: Sentence Structure &

Present Tense
Presented by: Hamza Malik
Hadiya Irfan
Sentence Structure
Sentence:
A sentence is a group of words with a subject and a verb expressing a statement, question,
instruction or exclamation.

Types of sentences:
It must be kept in mind that sentence are categorized in two different grounds.
 By Function
 By Structure
Sentence Structure
There are four types of sentence structure.
 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence
 Compound-complex sentence
Simple sentence:
A sentence that contains only one clause is called a simple sentence. It may contain a variety
of phrases and modifiers. For example:
• They discussed the topic loudly.
Compound sentences:
Sentences having two or more than two independent clauses joined by a coordinator (fanboys),
a semi colon (;) or a colon (:) are called compound sentence. For example:
• English is not only a language in Pakistan: it has become status symbol.
Complex sentences:
Sentence having one independent clause and one dependent clause are called complex
sentence. For example:
• You will succeed if you work hard.

Compound complex sentences:

Sentences having at least two or more independent clauses and at least one or more dependent
clauses are called compound complex sentences. For example:
• Tom cried because the ball hit him and I apologized him immediately.
Tense:
The relationship between the verb’s form and the time, the action or state it represents is
shown through the use of tense.

Types of Tenses:
There are three tenses according to the time frame.
 Present tense
 Past tense
 Future tense
Present Tense:
A verb that refers to present time said to be in present tense.
For example:
 I write
 I eat

Types of present tense:

There are four types of present tense.
 Simple present tense
 Present continuous tense
 Present perfect tense
 Present perfect continuous tense
Simple Present Tense:
The simple present tense is used
1. To express a habitual action, e.g.
 He drinks tea every morning.
2. To express general truths, e.g.
 The sun rises in the east
3. In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is happening right
now, e.g.
 Here comes the bus!
4. To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable, e.g.
 The match starts at 9 o'clock.
Simple Present Sentence Structure
Affirmative: sub
+ 1st form of verb (s/es) + object
 He loves to eat burger.
Negative: sub + do/does + not + 1st form of verb + object
 He does not love to eat burger.
Interrogative: do/does + sub + 1st form of verb + object + ?
 Does he love to eat burger ?

They He
You DO She Does
We It
I
Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous tense is used
1. For an action going on at the time of speaking; e.g.
 The boys are playing hockey.
2. For a temporary action which may not actually happening at the time of speaking; e.g.
 I am reading losing hope by colleen hoover ( but I am not reading at this moment)
3. For an action that has already been arranged to take place in near future ; e.g.
 I am going to the cinema tonight.
Present Continuous Sentence Structure
Affirmative: sub + is/am/are + 1st form of verb (ing) + object
 He is taking admission in college.
Negative: sub + is/am/are + not + 1st form of verb (ing) + object
 He is not taking admission in college .
Interrogative: is/am/are + sub + 1st form of verb (ing) + object + ?
 Is he taking admission in college ?

I am He They
she is You are
It We
Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is used:
1. To indicate completed activities in the immediate past; e.g.
 He has just gone out.
2. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite; e.g.
 I have never known him to be angry.
3. To describe past events when we think more of their effects in the present than of the action
itself; e.g.
 I have finished my work (now I am free).
Present Perfect Sentence Structure

Affirmative: sub + has/have + 3rd form of verb + object

 He has completed his task.
Negative: sub + has/have + not + 3rd form of verb + object
 He has not completed his task.
Interrogative: has/have + sub + 3rd form of verb + object + ?
 Has he completed his task?

I she
They have he has
You it
We
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past
and is still continuing; e.g.
 He has been sleeping for the five hours (and is still sleeping).

Present Perfect Continuous sentence structure

Affirmative: sub + has/have+ been + 1st form of verb (ing) + object
 They have been learning English for 2 years.
Negative: sub + has/have + been + not + 1st form of verb (ing) + object
 They have been not learning English for 2 years.
Interrogative: has/have + sub + been + 1st form of verb (ing) + object + ?
 Have they been learning English for 2 years?
Thankyou