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Unit II
Unit II
DIFFERENTIAL
0
T
a0
f an cos n bn sin n
2 n 1 n 1
Definition of a Fourier series
A Fourier series may be defined as an expansion of a function in
a series of sines and cosines such as
a0
f x an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
0 2
0 2
a0
f x an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (-π,π)
1
a0
f x dx
1
an f x cos nx dx n 1, 2,
1
bn f x sin nx dx n 1, 2,
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (0,2π)
1 2
f x dx
a0
0
1 2
f x cos nx dx
an n 1, 2,
0
1 2
f x sin nx dx
bn n 1, 2,
0
Fourier series
(l , l ) (0,2l )
a0
nx
nx
f x an cos bn sin
2 n 1 l n 1 l
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (l , l )
1 l
a0 f x dx
l l
nx
l
1
an f ( x ) cos dx
l l l
nx
l
1
bn f ( x ) sin dx
l l l
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (0,2l )
1 2l
a0 f x dx
l 0
nx
2l
1
an f ( x ) cos dx
l 0 l
nx
2l
1
bn f ( x ) sin dx
l 0 l
Interval Parsevals Identity
(l , l ) l 2
a02
1
l l
f ( x ) dx a 2
n bn
2
2 n 1
2l 2
1 a02
l 0
(0,2l ) f ( x ) dx a 2
n bn
2
2 n 1
2
a02
1
, n n
f ( x ) dx a 2
b 2
2 n 1
2
1 a02
0 ,2 n n
f ( x ) dx a 2
b 2
2 n 1
Even and Odd Functions
Even Functions
Mathematically speaking -
f f
Odd Functions
f(q)
Mathematically speaking -
f f
Even functions can solely be represented by cosine
waves because, cosine waves are even functions. A
sum of even functions is another even function.
Odd functions can solely be represented by sine waves
because, sine waves are odd functions. A sum of odd
functions is another odd function.
The Fourier series of an even function f x
is expressed in terms of a cosine series.
a0
f x an cos nx
2 n 1
f x bn sin nx
n 1
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π. Hence
deduce that
1 1 1 2
(i ) 2
2 2 ..............
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 2
(ii ) 2 2 2 ..............
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 2
(iii ) 2 2 2 ..............
1 3 5 8
. Fourier series is
a0
f ( x)
2
(a
n 1
n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 2
1 1
a0 f ( x) dx x
2
dx
0
0
2
1 x 3
3
0
1 8 3
0
3
8 2
3
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
cos nx dx
2
x
0
2
1 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
( x ) (2 x) (2)
n n
2
n
3
0
1 ( 4 ) (1)
0 0 0 0 0
n2
4
n2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2
1
sin nx dx
2
x
0
2
1 2 cos nx sin nx cos nx
( x ) ( 2 x ) ( 2 )
n n
2
n
3
0
1 4 2 2 2
0 3 0 0 3
n n n
4
n
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1 8 2 4 4
2 cos nx sin nx
2 3 n 1 n n
4 2 1 1 1
f ( 0) 4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (0) f (2 ) (0) (4 2 )
f ( 0) 2 2
2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
4 2
1 1 1
2
2
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
4 2
1 1 1
2
2
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 2 1 1 1
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................ ( 2)
6 1 2 3
Now, put x = π (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get
4 2 1 1 1
2 4 2 2 2 ............ 4 (0)
3 1 2 3
4 2 1 1 1
2
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................ (3)
12 1 2 3
Adding (2) and (3), we get
2 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ............
6 12 1 3 5
3 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ............
12 1 3 5
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................
8 1 3 5
2. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π and deduce
the result
1 1 1 2
..........
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0
0
f ( x ) dx
2
1
x sin x dx
0
1
x ( cos x) (1)( sin x)02
1
(2 0) (0 0)
2
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
x sin x cos nx dx
0
2
1
2 x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0
2
1
2 x sin( n 1) x sin( n 1) x dx ,
0
n 1
2 2
1 1
2 0 x sin( n 1) x dx 2 x sin( n 1) x dx
0
2
1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x
( x ) (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x
( x) (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
Note: 2n2
( 1) 1
2n2
( 1) 1
1 2 (1) 2 n 2 1 2 (1) 2 n2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 n 1 2 n 1
1 1
n 1 n 1
(n 1) (n 1)
an
(n 1)( n 1)
2
an 2 , n 1
n 1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
a1
f ( x) cos x dx
0
x sin x cos x dx
0
2
1
2 x sin 2 x dx
0
2
1 cos 2 x sin 2 x
x (1)
2 2 4 0
1 1
2 0 (0 0)
2 2
1
2
2 2
1 1
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
x sin x sin nx dx
0
2
1
2 x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0
2
1
2 x cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x dx
0
, n 1
2 2
1 1
2 0 x cos(n 1) x dx 2 x cos(n 1) x dx
0
2
1 sin( n 1) x cos( n 1) x
( x) (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
2
1 sin( n 1) x cos( n 1) x
( x) (1)
2 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
1 (1) 2 n 2 1 1 (1) 2 n 2 1
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
2 (n 1) (n 1) 2 ( n 1) ( n 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
2 (n 1) (n 1) 2 ( n 1) ( n 1)
bn 0 , n 1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
b1
f ( x) sin x dx
0
x sin x sin x dx
0
2 2
1 1 1 cos 2 x
x sin
2
x dx
0
x
2
dx
0
2
1 x sin 2 x
2
cos 2 x
x (1)
2 2 2 4 0
1 1 1
2 0 0 0
2
2 2 2
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
a0
a1 cos x a n cos nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
2 n2 n2
2 1
2
cos x cos nx sin x 0
2 2 n 2 ( n 1)( n 1)
1 1 1
(1) 1 0 (1) 2 0 0 0 ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
1 1 1
1 2 ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 2 1 1 1
2 ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 1 1 1
2 ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 1 1 1
.................
4 1.3 3.5 5.7
1, 0 x
3. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)
2, x 2
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2 2
1 1 1
a0
f ( x) dx
0
(1) dx (2) dx
0
1 2
x 0
x 2
1 2
( 0) (2 )
1 2 3
2 2
1 1 1
an
0 f ( x) cos nx dx 0 (1) cos nx dx (2) cos nx dx
2
1 sin nx 2 sin nx
n 0 n
1 2
(0 0) (0 0)
0
2 2
1 1 1
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
(1) sin nx dx (2) sin nx dx
0
2
1 cos nx 2 cos nx
n 0 n
1 2
[( 1) n 1] [1 ( 1) n ]
n n
1
n
( 1) n 1 2 2( 1) n
( 1) n 1
n
a0
f ( x) ( a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1
3 (1) n 1
0. cos nx sin nx
2 n 1 n
2 2
1 a0
(a n bn )
2 2
[ f ( x)] dx
2
0
2 n 1
1
1
2 2
(3)
0
(1) 1
n 2
0
(1) 2
dx (2) dx
2
2 n 1 n2 2
1 4 2 9 1 4 4 4
x0 x 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 ..................
2 1 3 5
1 4 9 4 1 1 1
0 2 2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1 3 5
9 4 1 1 1
5 2 2 2 2 ..................
2 1 3 5
1 4 1 1 1
2
12 3 2 5 2 .......... ........
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2 .................
8 1 3 5
4.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
f ( x) x , in 0 x 2 with period 2
1 1
Hence deduce the sum of 1 ...
3 5
Solution:
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0
f ( x) dx
0
2
1
( x)dx
0
2
1 ( x) 2
2 0
1
2
2 2
0
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2
1
( x) cos nxdx
0
2 2
1 sin nx cos nx
x 1
n 0 n
2
0
1
1 1 0
n
2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
1
( x) sin nxdx
0
2 2
1 cos nx sin nx
x 1
n 0
2
n 0
1 1
0
n
2
n
sin nx
Hence f ( x ) x 2
n 1 n
1 1
The required series 1 ... can be obtained by putting x
3 5 2
sin nx
2
2 n 1 n
1 2 1 3 1 4
2 sin sin sin sin ...
2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2
1 1
2 1 ...
2 3 5
1 1
1 3 5 ... 4
2 2
1 x
0 2
dx
2
1 ( x) 3
4 3 0
1
12
3 3
2
6
2
6
4.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
2
x
f ( x) , in 0 x 2 with period 2 . Hence Pr ove that
2
1 2
n 1 n 2
6
Solution:
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0
f ( x) dx
0
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2 2
1 x
cos nxdx
0 2
2 2 2
1 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
x 2 x 2 2 1
4 n 0 n 0 n 3
0
2
1 2
0 x cos nx 0
4
n
2
0
2
1
4n 2
n2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2 2
1 x
0
2
sin nxdx
2 2 2
1
cos nx sin nx cos nx
x 2
2 x 2 1
4
n 0 n 2
0 n 3
0
1 1
4 n
2
2
0
2
n 3
1 1
=0
2
x 2
Hence
cos nx
2
2 12 n 1 n
putting x 0
2
2
1
4 12 n 1 n2
1 2 2
n 1 n 2
4
12
2
6
5. Obtain the fourier exp ansion of 1 cos x in the int erval 0 x 2
1 1
and hence deduce that
n 1 4n 2 1 2
Solution:
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0
f ( x) dx
0
5. Obtain the fourier exp ansion of 1 cos x in the int erval 0 x 2
1 1
and hence deduce that
n 1 4n 2 1 2
Solution:
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
2
1
a0
f ( x) dx
0
2
1
a0
0
1 cos x dx
2
1 x
0
2 sin dx
2
2
2 cos x
2
1
2 0
2 2
1 1
4 2
2
1
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2
1
0
1 cos x cos nx dx
2
1 x
0
2 sin cos nxdx
2
2
2 1 1 1
sin n x sin n x dx
0 2 2 2
2
1 1
cos n x cos n x
2 2 2
2 1
n
1
n
2 2
0
Since
1
cos n 2 1
2
1
cos n 2 1
2
2 1 1 1 1
1
2 n 1 n 1 n 1 n
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2
n n
1 2
2 n 1 n
1
n 2
2 2 4
2 4
1 4n 2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
1
0
1 cos x sin nx dx
2
1 x
0
2 sin sin nxdx
2
2
1 1
2 1
cos n x cos n x dx
0 2 2 2
2
1 1
sin n x sin n x
2 2 2 0
2 1
n
1
n
2 2
0
2 2 4 2
Hence f ( x) cos nx
n 1 1 4 n2
putting x 0
2 2 4 2
f ( 0)
n 1 4 n 1
2
f ( 0) 0
1 1
n 1 4 n 1
2
2
6.Find the Fourier series for f ( x ) e ax in 0,2
a0
Solution: f ( x) an cos nx bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
2
1
a0
0
f ( x ) dx
2
1
e
ax
dx
0
2
1 e ax
a 0
1 2 a
a
e 1
1 e a e a
a e a
e a
2 sinh a
a
e x ex
sinh x
2
2 2
1 1
cos nxdx
ax
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
0
e
2
1 e ax
2 a cos nx n sin nx
a n 2
0
note :
ax
e
cos bxdx a 2 b 2 a cos bx b sin bx
ax
e
cos 2n 1
sin 2n 0
1
a n
2 2
ae
2 a
a
a a
a e e
2
a n e
2 a
a
2ae
2 sinh a
a n
2
2
1
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
1
sin nxdx
ax
e
0
2
1 e ax
2 a sin nx n cos nx
a n 2
0
note :
ax
e
sin bxdx a 2 b 2 a sin bx b cos bx
ax
e
1
2 a
2 2 ne n
a n
2
n
a n
2
e
2 a
1
2ne a
2 sinh a
a n 2
7.Find the fourier series expansion for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in
(–π, π). Deduce
1 1 1 2
2
2 2 ..............
1 2 3 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1 1
a0 f ( x) dx 2
(1 x x ) dx
1 x2
x
3
x
2 3
1 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
1 2 3 2 2
2 2
3 3
1 1
an f ( x) cos nx dx 2
(1 x x ) cos nx dx
1 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
(1 x x ) (1 2 x) (2)
n n
2
n
3
1 (1 2 ) (1) n (1 2 ) (1) n
0 0 0 0
n 2
n 2
(1) n
1 2 1 2
n 2
(1) n 4 (1) n
(4 )
n 2
n2
cos n ( 1) n
sin n 0
cos n( ) cos n
( 1) n
1 1
bn f ( x) sin nx dx 2
(1 x x ) sin nx dx
1 2 cos nx sin nx cos nx
(1 x x ) (1 2 x) (2)
n n
2
n
3
1 ( 1) n
2 ( 1) n
( 1) n
2 ( 1) n
(1 )
2
0 3 (1 )
2
0 3
n n n n
(1) n
n
1 2 1 2
a0
f ( x) (a n cos nx bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1 2 2 4(1) n 2(1) n1
2 2 cos nx sin nx
2 3 n 1 n n
2 cos x cos 2 x cos 3x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
1 4 2 2 2 ...... 2 .......
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
(i.e.)
2 1 1 1
f ( ) 1 4 2 2 2 ............ 2(0)...........(1)
3 1 2 3
But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f ( ) f ( ) (1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2 2 2
f ( ) 1 2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
2 1 1 1
1 2 1 4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2 4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 2 1 1 1
4 2 2 2 ............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................
6 1 2 3
. 8. Find the Fourier series expansion of (π – x)2 in –π < x < π.
1 1
a0 f ( x ) dx 2
( x ) dx
1 ( x ) 3
3
1
3
0 8 3
8 2
3
1 1
an f ( x) cos nx dx 2
( x ) cos nx dx
1 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
( x) [2( x)( 1)] (2)
n n
2
n
3
1 (4 ) (1) n
0 0 0 0 0
n 2
4 ( 1) n
n2
1 1
bn f ( x) sin nx dx 2
( x ) sin nx dx
1 2 cos nx sin nx cos nx
( x) [2( x)( 1)] (2) 3
n n
2
n
1 2 (1) n 2 ( 1)
n
2 (1) n
0 0 (4 ) 0
n 3
n n 3
4 ( 1) n
n
a0
f ( x) ( a n cos nx bn sin nx )
2 n 1
1 8 2 4( 1) n 4 ( 1) n
2
cos nx sin nx
2 3 n 1 n n
9.Obtain the fourier series expansion for
2x
1 , x 0
f ( x)
2x
1 ,0 x
1 1 2
and hence deduce that 1 2 2 .......
3 5 8
Solution: 2( x) 2x
f ( x) 1 1 in ( , 0)
f ( x) in (0, )
2( x ) 2x
and f ( x) 1 1 in (0, )
f ( x) in ( , 0)
Hence the fourier coefficien t bn 0
a0
f x an cos nx
2 n 1
2
a0
f ( x)dx
0
2 2x
0
1 dx
2 x2
x
0
0
2
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2 2x
1 cos nxdx
0
2 2 x sin nx 2 cos nx
1
n n 2
0
2 2 cos n 2
2
n 2
n 0
4
2 2 1 (1) n
n
0, when n is even
an 8
, when n is odd
n
2 2
The required Fourier Series
8
f x 2 2 cos nx
n 1, 3, 5 n
Solution :
f ( x ) sin ax
f ( x ) is an odd function
Hence a0 0 , a n 0
f ( x ) bn sin nx
n 1
2
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
sin ax sin nxdx
0
1
cosn a xdx cosn a xdx
0
1 sin n a x sin n a x
na na 0
1 sin n a sin n a
na na
note :
sin a ,a is not an int eger
( 1) n 1 sin a 1 1
n a n a
(1) n 1 2n sin a
bn
n2 a 2
11 .Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
1 1 2
f ( x ) x , x and deduce 1 2 2 .....
3 5 8
Solution :
f ( x) x
f ( x) x
x
f ( x ) is an even function
a0
f x an cos nx
2 n 1
2
a0
f ( x)dx
0
2
a0
0
x dx
2
a0
xdx
0
2 x 2
2 0
2
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2 2
x cos nxdx
x cos nxdx
0
0
2 sin nx cos nx
x 1 2
n n 0
2 cos n 1
2 2
n n
2
n 2
( 1) n
1
0, if n is even
an 4
, if n is odd
n 2
4
f ( x)
2
n odd n
2
cos nx
4 cos 3 x cos 5 x
f ( x) cos x 2 ......
2 3 5 2
put x 0
4 1 1
0 1 ......
2 3 2
5 2
2 1 1
1 2 2 ......
8 3 5
11 .Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
f ( x) cos x , x
Solution :
f ( x ) cos x
f ( x ) cos( x )
cos x
f ( x ) is an even function
a0
f x an cos nx
2 n 1
2
a0
f ( x)dx
0
2
2 2 2
a0
cos x dx
cos xdx cos xdx
0
0 2
sin x
2
sin x
2
0
2
2
1 1
4
2
an
2
f ( x) cos nxdx
cos x cos nxdx
0
0
2
2
cos x cos nxdx cos x cos nxdx
0
2
2
2 1 1
cosn 1x cosn 1xdx cosn 1x cosn 1xdx
02 2
2
1 sin n 1 x sin n 1 x 2
sin n 1 x sin n 1 x
n 1 n 1 0 n 1 n 1
2
1
sin n 1 sin n 1 sin n 1 sin n 1
2 2 2 2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
2 sin n 1 2 sin n 1
1 2 2
n 1 n 1
note :
sin cos sin
2 2
2 sin n 1 2 sin 1 n
1 2 2
n 1 n 1
n n
cos cos
2 2 2
n 1 n 1
n
2 cos
2 1 1
n 1 n 1
n
2 cos
2 n 1 n 1
n2 1
n
2 cos
2 2
n 2 1
n
4 cos
2 Pr ovided n 1
n 2 1
When n 1
2
a1
cos x cos xdx
0
2 2
cos x cos xdx cos x cos xdx
0
2
2 2 2
cos xdx cos 2
dx
0
2
2 2 1 cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x
0
2
dx
2
dx
2
2 x sin 2 x 2
x sin 2 x
2 4 0 2 4
2
2
4 2 4
a1 0
n
4 cos
2
f ( x) 2 cos nx
n 2 n 2 1
•11.Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and using this series
•find the root square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
a0 n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 l l
l l
1 1
a0 f ( x) dx ( x x 2 ) dx
l l l l
l
1x x 2 3
l2 3 l
1 l 2 l 3 l 2 l 3 1 2l3 2l 2
l 2 3 2 3 l 3 3
l l
1 nx 1 nx
a n f ( x) cos dx ( x x ) cos
2
dx
l l l l l l
l
nx nx nx
sin cos sin
1 l l (2) l
( x x )
2
(1 2 x )
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l2 l3 l
1 (1) n l 2 (1) n l 2
0 (1 2l ) 2 2 0 0 (1 2l ) 2 2 0
l n n
(1) n l 2
1 2l 1 2l
( 1) n l
4l
ln
2 2
n
2 2
4 l 2 (1) n 1
n 2 2
l l
1 nx 1 nx
bn f ( x) sin dx ( x x ) sin
2
dx
l l l l l l
l
nx nx nx
cos sin cos
1 l (1 2 x) l (2) l
( x x 2 )
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l 2
l 3
l
1 ( 1) n
l 2 ( 1) n 3
l ( 1) n
l 2 ( 1) n 3
l
(l l )
2
0 3 3 (l l )
2
0 3 3
l n n n n
( 1) n l
l n
l l2 l l2
( 1) n 1
2l
n
2 l (1) n 1
n
a0
n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 l l
1 2l 2 4 l 2 (1) n 1 n x 2 l (1) n 1 n x
cos sin
2 3 n 1 n
2 2
l n l
RMS value of f(x) in (–l, l ) is
2
a0 1
(a n bn )
2 2 2
y
4 2 n 1
2
1 2l 2
1
16 l 4 (1) 2 n 2 4 l 2 (1) 2 n 2
4 3
4 4
2 2
2 n 1 n n
l4
8l 4 2l 2
2
(i.e.) y 4 4 2 2
9 n 1 n n
l
12.Find the Fourier series expansion of x , 0 x
f ( x) 2
l
l x, xl
2
1
Hence deduce the value of
n 1 ( 2n 1)
4
l
Sol. Let 2L l L
2
then the given function becomes x, 0xL
f ( x)
2 L x , L x 2 L
Fourier series is
a0
n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 L L
2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0
L
0
f ( x) dx ( x) dx
L 0 L (2 L x) dx
L
L 2L
1 x 1 (2 L x)
2 2
L 2 0 L 2 L
1 L2 1 L2
0 0
L 2 L 2
L L
L
2 2
L 2L
1
2L
n x 1 n x 1 n x
an
L f ( x) cos
L
dx
L 0 x cos
L
dx
L
L
(2 L x) cos
L
dx
0
L 2L
n x n x n x n x
cos cos
1 sin
sin
L (1) 1
L (2 L x) L (1) L
( x )
L n n 2 2 L n n 2 2
L
L2
0
L
L2
L
1 (1) n L2 L2 1 L2 (1) n L2
0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2
L n n L n n
1 L2
Ln
2 2
( 1)
n
1 1 ( 1) n
2L
n
2 2
( 1) n
1
L 2L
1
2L
n x 1 n x 1 n x
bn
L
0
f ( x ) sin
L
dx
L 0 x sin
L
dx
L
L
( 2 L x) sin
L
dx
L 2L
n x n x n x n x
cos sin cos sin
1
L (1) 1
L (2 L x)
L (1) L
( x )
L n n 2 2 L n n 2 2
L
L2
0
L
L2
L
1 (1) n L2 1 (1) n L2
0 0 0 0 0 0
L n L n
0
a0 n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 L L
L 2 L [( 1) n 1] n x
cos 0
2 n 1 n2 2
L
l
l [( 1) n 1] 2n x
cos
4 n 1 n 2 2
l
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2L 2
1 a0
( a n bn )
2 2
[ f ( x)] dx
2
L 0
2 n 1
1
L
1
2L
L 2
2 n
4 L (1) 1
2
( x) dx (2 L x) dx 0
2 2
L0 L L
2 n 1 n
4 4
3 L 3 2L
1 x 1 (2 L x) L2 4 L2 4 4 4
4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ..................
L 3 0 L 3 L 2 1 3 5
1 L3 1 L3 L2 16 L2 1 1 1
0 0 4
14 3 4 5 4 .......... ........
L 3 L 3 2
2 L2 L2 16 L2 1 1 1
14 .......... ........
3 2 4 34 54
L2 16 L2 1 1 1
4
14 3 4 5 4 .......... ........
6
4 1 1 1
4
4
4
.................
96 1 3 5
4
1
(i.e.)
n 1 ( 2 n 1)
4
96
l x, 0 x l
. 13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)
0, l x 2l
Hence deduce the value of the series
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 .......... and 2 2 2 .............
3 5 7 1 3 5
a0
n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 l l
2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0
l
0
f ( x) dx (l x) dx (0) dx
l 0 l l
l
1 (l x ) 2
l 2 0
1
2l
0 l2
l
2
2l l
1 n x 1 n x
an
l
0
f ( x) cos
l
dx (l x) cos
l0 l
dx 0
l
n x n x
sin cos
1 l ( 1) l
(l x )
l n n 2 2
l l 2
0
1 (1) n l 2 l 2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l n n
1 l2
ln
2 2
( 1)n 1
1
l
(1) n 1
1
n
2 2
2l l
1 n x 1 n x
bn
l
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx (l x) sin
l 0 l
dx 0
l
n x n x
cos sin
1 l ( 1) l
(l x )
l n n 2 2
l l 2
0
1 l2 l
{0 0} 0
l n n
a0
n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 l l
l l [( 1) n 1 1] n x l n x
cos sin
4 n 1 n
2 2
l n l
l 2l 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x
(i.e.) f ( x) 2 12 cos cos cos .......... .......
4 l 32 l 52 l
l 1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x
sin sin sin ................. (1
1 l 2 l 3 l
Put l
x
2
l l l 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 .................
2 4 3 5 7
l l l 1 1 1
1 .................
2 4 3 5 7
l l 1 1 1
1 .................
4 3 5 7
1 1 1
1 .................
4 3 5 7
Put x = l in equation (1) we get
l 2l 1 1 1
f (l ) 2
12 32 5 2 .......... ......
4
l 2l 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ............
4 1 3 5
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................
8 1 3 5
1 x, 2 x 0
14.Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x)
1 x, 0 x2
1 2
Deduce that n 1 (2n 1) 2
8
Solution:
f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
a0
nx
f ( x) a n cos
2 n 1 2
2 2
2
a0
2 f ( x) dx
0
(1 x) dx
0
2
x 2
x
2 0
(2 2) (0)
0
2 2
2 nx nx
an
2
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx (1 x) cos
0
2
dx
2
nx nx
sin cos
(1 x ) 2 ( 1) 2
n n 2 2
2 4 0
4 (1) n 4
0 2 2 0 2 2
n n
4
2 2 1 ( 1)
n
n
0 , when n is even
8
an
, when n is odd
n
2 2
0
8 nx
f ( x ) 2 2 cos
2 n 1 n 2
8 1 x 1 3x 1 5x
f ( x) 2 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos ........................
1 2 3 2 5 2
8 1 1 1
f (0) 2 2 2 2 ............
1 3 5
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
8 1 1 1
1 .......... ..
2 12 3 2 5 2
2 1 1 1
2 2 2 ................
8 1 3 5
2
1
(i.e.)
8 n 1 (2n 1) 2
•15.Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.
a0
2 n x 2 n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 3 3
3 3
1 2
a0 2
f ( x ) dx ( 2 x x ) dx
(3 / 2) 0 30
3
2 2x x 2 3
3 2 3 0
2 27
9 ( 0 0 ) 0
3 3
3 3
1 2 2nx
an f ( x) cos nx dx (2 x x ) cos
2
dx
(3 / 2) 0
30 3
3
2nx 2nx 2nx
sin cos sin
2 3 (2 2 x) 3 (2) 3
(2 x x 2 )
3 2n 4n 2 2 8n 3 3
3 9 27 0
2 9 9
0 (4) 2 2 0 0 (2) 2 2 0
3 4n 4 n
2 54 9
2 2 2 2
3 4n n
3 3
1 2 2nx
bn f ( x ) sin nx dx (2 x x ) sin
2
dx
(3 / 2) 0
3 0 3
3
2nx 2nx 2nx
cos sin cos
2 3 (2 2 x) 3 (2) 3
(2 x x 2 )
3 2 n 4n 2 2 8n 3 3
3 9 27 0
2 3 27 27
(3) 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 3 3
3 2n 8n 8n
3
n
a0
2 n x 2 n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 3 3
9 2 n x 3 2 n x
2 2 cos sin
n 1 n 3 n 3
HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES
FOR THE INTERVAL 0 ,
a0
f x an cos nx
2 n 1 f x bn sin nx
n 1
2
a0
f ( x)dx 2
bn
0
f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
an
f ( x) cos nxdx
0
HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES
a0 nx
f x an cos
nx
2 n 1 l f x bn sin
n 1 l
l
2
a0 f ( x ) dx
nx
l
l 0 2
bn f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
nx
l
2
an f ( x) cos dx
l 0 l
•16. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .
Solution:
2 2
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2 sin nx dx
0
4 cos nx
n
4
n
( 1) n 1
0
0 , when n is even
bn 8
, when n is odd
n
Half range sine series is
8
f ( x) bn sin nx sin nx
n 1 n 1 n
. 17. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < π in a Fourier sine series.
f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1
2 2
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
cos x sin nx dx
0
1
2 sin nx cos x dx
0
1 cos( n 1) x cos( n 1) x
n 1 n 1 0
1 (1) n 1 (1) n 1 1 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1 n 1 1 1 1
(1) n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1 n 1 1 1 1
(1)
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1 n 2 n 2 n
(1) n 2 1 n 2 1
bn
2n
(n 1)
2
( 1) n
1 , n 1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
b1
f ( x) sin x dx
0
cos x sin x dx
0
1
sin 2 x dx
0
1 cos 2 x 1
(1 1) 0
2 0 2
f ( x) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
n 1 n2
2n [ ( 1) n 1]
sin nx
n2 (n 1)
2
18.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x) in 0 < x < π.
Deduce that
1 1 1 4
4
4 4 ............
1 2 3 90
a0
f ( x) a n cos nx
2 n 1
2 2
a0
f ( x) dx
0
x( x) dx
0
2 x x 2 3
2 3 0
2 3 3
(0 0)
2 3
2 3 2
6
3
2 2
an
f ( x) cos nx dx
0
x( x) cos nx dx
0
2 2 sin nx cos nx sin nx
( x x ) ( 2 x) (2)
n n
2 3
n 0
2 ( )( 1) n ( )(1)
0 0 0 0
n 2
n 2
2
n 2
( 1) n
1
2
2 ( 1) n 1
n
4
an 2 , when n is even
n
0 , when n is odd
a0
f ( x) an cos nx
2 n 1
1 2
4
2 cos nx
2 3 n even n
2
2 a0
a
2
[ f ( x )] dx
2
0 2 n 1
n
2
2 1
2
16
0
[ x x ] dx
2 2
2 3
n4
n even
2 4
1 1 1
( x x 2 x )dx 16 4 4 4 ..............
2 2 4 3
0 18 2 4 6
2 x x 2 x
2 3
4 16 1 1 1
5 4
4 4 4 4 ..............
3 5 4 0 18 2 1 2 3
2 5 5 5 4 1 1 1
0 .......... ....
3 5 2 18 14 2 4 3 4
2 5 4 1 1 1
4 4 4 ...................
30 18 1 2 3
4 4 1 1 1
4 4 4 .............
15 18 1 2 3
4 1 1 1
(i.e.) 4 4 4 .............
90 1 2 3
20.Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).
f ( x) bn sin nx
n 1
2 2
bn
f ( x) sin nx dx
0
x cos x sin nx dx
0
1
x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0
1
x [sin( n 1) x sin( n 1) x] dx ,
0
n 1
1 1
x sin( n 1) x dx x sin( n 1) x dx ,
0 0
n 1
1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x 1 cos( n 1) x sin( n 1) x
bn x (1) x (1)
n 1 (n 1)
2
0 n 1 (n 1)
2
0
1 (1) n 1 1 (1) n 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
n 1 n 1
( 1) n 2 ( 1) n
n 1 n 1
1 1
(1) n
n 1 n 1
2n
(1)
n
( n 1)( n 1)
2n ( 1) n
(i.e.)bn , n 1
n 1
2
When n = 1, we have
2 2
b1
f ( x) sin x dx
0
x cos x sin x dx
0
1
x sin 2 x dx
0
1 cos 2 x sin 2 x
x (1)
2 4 0
1 1 1
0 {0 0}
2 2
f ( x) bn sin nx b1 sin x bn sin nx
n 1 n2
1
2 n( 1) n
sin x sin nx
2 n2 n 1
2
21.Obtain the sine series for
l
x in 0 x
2
f ( x)
l x in l
xl
2
n x
f ( x) bn sin
n 1 l
l
2 nx
bn f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l/2 l
2 nx 2 nx
l
0
x sin
l
dx (l x) sin
l l/2 l
dx
l/2 l
nx nx nx nx
cos sin cos sin
2 l (1) l
2
(l x) l (1) l
( x )
l n n 2 2
l n n 2 2
l l2 0 l l2 l / 2
n 2 n n 2 n
2 l
l . cos l . sin 2 l l . cos l . sin
2 2
0 0 {0 0} 2 2
l 2 n n 2 2 l 2 n n 2 2
2 n
2
2l . sin
2 4l n
bn sin
l n 2 2
n 2 2 2
n x
n4l n x
f ( x) bn sin 2 2 sin sin
n 1 n 2 l
n 1 l
22.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.
Hence deduce the value of the series
1
n 1 ( 2n 1)
4
a0 n x
f ( x) a n cos
2 n 1 l
l
2
a0
l f ( x) dx
0
l l
2 2 x
2
l 0
x dx
l 2 0
2 l 2
0 l
l 2
l l
2 n x 2 n x
an
l
0
f ( x) cos
l
dx x cos
l 0 l
dx
l
n x n x
sin cos
2 l (1) l
( x )
l n n 2 2
l l 2
0
2 (1) n l 2 l 2
0 2 2 0 2 2
l n n
2l
n 2 2
(1) 1
n
4l
2 2 , when n is odd
an n
0, when n is even
a0
n x
f ( x) a n cos
2 n 1 l
l 4l n x
2 2 cos
2 n 1 n l
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l 2
2 a0
l 0
2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx a n
2 n 1
l
2 l 2 16l 2
( x) dx 4 4
2
l 0 2 n 1 n
l
2 x 3
l 2 16l 2 1 1 1
4
14 34 54 .......... ........
l 3 0 2
2l 2 l 2 16l 2 1 1 1
14 3 4 5 4 .......... ........
3 2 4
2 2
l 16 l 1 1 1
4 14 3 4 5 4 ..................
6
4 1 1 1
4 4 4 .................
96 1 3 5
4
1
(i.e.)
96 n 1 ( 2 n 1) 4
23.Prove that
4 x 1 3x 1 5x
1 sin sin sin .......... ....
l 3 l 5 l
Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find
half range Fourie sine series for f(x) = 1
n x
f ( x) bn sin
n 1 l
l l
2 n x 2 n x
bn
l
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx (1) sin
l 0 l
dx
l
n x
cos
2 l 2 ( 1) n
l l
l n l n n
l 0
2
n
( 1) n 1 1
n x 2 [( 1) n 1 1] n x
f ( x) bn sin sin
n 1 l n 1 n l
2 2 x 2 3 x 2 5 x
sin 0 sin 0 sin 0 ...........
1 l 3 l 5 l
4 x 1 3x 1 5x
1 sin sin sin .............
l 3 l 5 l
24.Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.
a0 nx
f ( x) a n cos
2 n 1 2
2 2
2
a0
2
0
f ( x) dx ( x 2) 2 dx
0
2
( x 2) 3
8 8
0
3 0 3 3
2 2
2 nx nx
an dx 2
f ( x) cos ( x 2) cos dx
2 0
2 0
2
2
nx nx nx
sin cos sin
( x 2)
2 2 [2( x 2)] 2 (2) 2
n n 2 2 n 3 3
2 4 8 0
16
0 0 0 0 2 2 0
16
n 2 n2
8 16 nx
f ( x) 2 2 cos
6 n 1 n 2
4 16 1 x 1 2x 1 3x
(i.e.) f ( x) 2 12 cos cos cos ....
3 2 22 2 32 2
COMPLEX OR EXPONENTIAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES
In x
1
f ( x ) cn e , cn
inx
f ( x)e inxdx
n 2
In 0 x 2
2
1
f ( x ) cn e , cn
inx
f ( x)e
inx
dx
n 2 0
In l x l
inx l inx
1
f ( x) c e
n
n
l
, cn
2l f ( x)e l
dx
l
In 0 x 2l
inx 2l inx
1
f ( x) c e
n
n
l
, cn
2l f ( x)e l
dx
0
25.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) e x
in –1 < x < 1
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by
f ( x) n
n
C e i n x
2l = 2
l=1
1
1
i n x
Cn f ( x ) e dx
2(1) 1
1
1 x i n x
e e dx
2 1
1
1 (1i n ) x
e dx
2 1
(1i n ) x 1
1 e
2 (1 i n ) 1
1
2(1 i n )
e
(1 i n )
e (1 i n )
(1 i n ) 1 i n
2(1 n )
2 2
e e e
1 i n
e
(1 i n ) 1
2(1 n )
2 2
e (cos n i sin n ) e 1
(cos n i sin n )
(1 i n ) 1
Cn
2(1 n 2 2 )
e (
1) n
e 1
( 1) n
(1 i n ) (1) n 1
2(1 n 2 2 )
e e 1
(1 i n ) ( 1) n
2 sinh 1
2(1 n )
2 2
f ( x) cos ax in x
Solution:
f ( x) n
C e
n
i n x
1
cn
2
f ( x )e inxdx
1
inx
cos axe dx
2
1 e inx
2 2 2 in cos ax a sin ax
2 i n a
note :
ax
e
cos bx a 2 b 2 a cos bx b sin bx
ax
e
1 e in e in
2 in cos a a sin a in cos a a sin a
2 a n 2
a 2
n 2
1
2 a n
2
in cos a e
2
in
ein a sin a e in ein
1
2in cos a sin n 2a sin a cos n
2 a n
2 2
1
2a sin a cos n
2 a n
2 2
sin n 0
1 a sin a
n
a 2 n 2
1n a sin a einx
f ( x)
n a 2 n 2
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
a0 x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
f ( x) a1 cos a2 cos a3 cos b1 sin b2 sin b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a
(i.e.) f ( x) 0 a1 cos a2 cos 2 a3 cos 3 b1 sin b2 sin 2 b3 sin 3
2
x
where
3
x y θ=πx/3 ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ ysinθ ysin2θ ysin3θ
0 9 0 9 9 9 0 0 0
3 28 π –28 28 –28 0 0 0
–25 –7 –7 –3.464 0 0
Total 125
Here n = 6
y 125
a 0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 41.667
n 6
y cos 25
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2 2 8.333
n 6
y cos 2 7
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 ] 2 2 6 2.333
n
y cos 3 7
a3 2 [mean value of y cos 3 ] 2 2 6 2.333
n
y sin 3.464
b1 2 [ mean value of y sin ] 2 2 1.155
n 6
y sin 2 0
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 ] 2 2 0
n 6
y sin 3 0
b3 2 [mean value of y sin 3 ] 2 2 6 0
n
41.667
f ( x) 8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin 0 sin 2 0 sin 3
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 20.833 8.333 cos 2.333 cos 2 2.333 cos 3 1.155 sin where
3
28.Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the
following data:
2 4 5
x: 0 2
3 3 3 3
f ( x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values
will be used.
Fourier series is
a0
f ( x) (a n cos n x bn sin n x)
2 n 1
a0
(i.e.) f ( x) a1 cos x a 2 cos 2 x b1 sin x b2 sin 2 x
2
x y ycosx ycos2x ysinx ysin2x
0 10 10 10 0 0
π 20 –20 20 0 0
y 85
a 0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 6 28.333
n
y cos x 14.5
a1 2 [mean value of y cos x] 2 2 4.833
n 6
y cos 2 x 2.5
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 x] 2 2 6 0.833
n
y sin x 0.866
b1 2 [mean value of y sin x] 2 2 6 0.289
n
y sin 2 x 2.598
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 x] 2 2 6 0.866
n
28.333
f ( x) 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) 14.1665 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
29.Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the
following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f ( x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11 .6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Fourier series is
a0 n x n x
f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 6 6
a0 x x
f ( x) a1 cos b1 sin
2 6 6
a x
(i.e.) f ( x ) 0 a1 cos b1 sin where
2 6
x y θ=πx/6 cosθ ycosθ ysinθ
0 18 0 1 18 0
1 18.7 π/6 0.866 16.1942 9.35
2 17.6 2π/6 0.5 8.8 15.2416
3 15 3π/6 0 0 15
4 11.6 4π/6 –0.5 –5.8 10.0456
5 8.3 5π/6 –0.866 –7.1878 4.15
6 6 π –1 –6 0
7 5.3 7π/6 –0.866 –4.5898 –2.65
8 6.4 8π/6 –0.5 –3.2 –5.5424
9 9 9π/6 0 0 –9
10 12.4 10π/6 0.5 6.2 –10.7384
11 15.7 11π/6 0.866 13.5962 –7.85
Total 144 36.0128 18.0064
Here n = 12
y 144
a 0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 24
n 12
y cos 36.0128
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2 2 6.002
n 12
y sin 18.0064
b1 2 [mean value of y sin ] 2 2 3.001
n 12
24
f ( x) 6.002 cos 3.001sin
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x) 12 6.002 cos 3.001sin where
6
PART-A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l)
and the associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.
Sol.
n x
f ( x) bn sin
n 1 l
n x
l
2
bn f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value
4
sin x cos x
x (1)
2
0
1 1
0 2 0 2
0
5. Define root mean square value of a function
Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
2 1
b
RM S y y
a 2
[ f ( x )] dx
ba ba a
l
l
1 2 2 1 4
l
1 x 1 l5 l 4
5 l2
[ x ] dx x dx 0 y
l0 l0 l 5 0 l 5 5 5
7.Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)
Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as
2 2
1 2 1
RM S y [ f ( x)] dx y
2
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
2 0
2 0
3 1
1
(1 x) 1 1 1
(1 x) dx
2
0 y
0 3 0 3 3 3
9.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = π – x in 0 < x < 2π
Sol.
2
1
2
RM S y
2
[ f ( x )] dx
2 0
2 2
1 1 ( x ) 3
0 ( x) dx 2 3
2
2 0
1 3 3
2 3 3
1 2 3 2
2 3 3
y
3
10.Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the
existence of a Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points
in (–π, π)
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and
f (x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)
f (1 0) f (1 0) 1 2 3
f (1)
2 2 2
12.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c 2l 2
1 a0
c (a n bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx
l 2 n 1
The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c 2 2
1 a0
(a n bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] dx
2
c 2 n 1
12.Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
Sol.
c 2l
1 1
c 2l
n x
a0
l f ( x) dx
c
an
l f ( x) cos
l
dx
c
c 2l
1 n x
bn
l
c
f ( x) sin
l
dx
b
1
y
2
[ f ( x )] dx
ba a
b
2 1
2
y [ f ( x )] dx
ba a
14.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c 2l 2
1 a0
c [ f ( x)] dx 2 (an bn )
2 2 2
l n 1
The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c 2 2
1 a0
c (a n bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx
2 n 1
15.Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is l
2 1
2
y [ f ( x )] dx
l 0
l
1x 1 l 3
l 3
1
x dx
2
0
l 0 l 3 0 l3
l2
3
16.Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in
the interval (0,10).
Sol. 10 10
2 nx 2 nx
an
10 0 f ( x ) cos
10
dx
10 0
(10) cos
10
dx
10
nx
sin 20
2
10
sin n 0 0
n n
10 0
. 17. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient an in the Fourier series
expansion of
f(x) = x – x3 in (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f(– x) = (– x) – (–x)3
= – x + x3 = – (x – x3) = – f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
. 18.
Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x
expanded in the interval (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(–x) = cos2 (–x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
2 2
a0 f ( x ) dx
2
cos x dx
0
0
2 1 cos 2 x
0 2
dx
1 sin 2 x
x
2 0
1
( 0) (0)
1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is
2 2
19. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in
–2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2 2
2
a0
2
0
f ( x) dx ( x 2 2) dx
0
2
x 3
2 x
3 0
8 4
4 (0)
3 3
2
n 4 2
3
( 1) n 2 cos nx
n
sin nx
n 1
2
4
f ( ) (1) 2 (1) n
n
0
3 n 1 n
2
4
2
( 1) 2 ( 1) 0
n n
3 n 1 n
2
4 ( 1 ) 2n
2 2
3 n 1 n
2 2 1 1 1
4 2 2 2 ...............
3 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
2
2
2
...............
6 1 2 3
21. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the
three criteria in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at
x
2
and so it is a discontinuous point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So
it does not have a Fourier series expansion.